Patrick Weil

The Sovereign Citizen


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      The Sovereign Citizen

      DEMOCRACY, CITIZENSHIP,

      AND CONSTITUTIONALISM

      Rogers M. Smith and Mary L. Dudziak, Series Editors

      A list of books in the series

      is available from the publisher.

       The Sovereign Citizen

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      Denaturalization and the origins of the American Republic

       Patrick Weil

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      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA

      Copyright © 2013 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for

      purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book

      may be reproduced in any form by any means without

      written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

      www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Weil, Patrick.

      The sovereign citizen : denaturalization and the origins of

      the American Republic / Patrick Weil.—1st ed.

      p. cm.—(Democracy, citizenship, and constitutionalism)

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-8122-2212-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      1. Expatriation—United States—History—20th century.

      2. Citizenship, Loss of—United States—History—20th century.

      3. Citizenship—United States—History—20th century. I. Title.

      KF4715.W45 2013

      342.7308'3—dc23 2012022653

      CONTENTS

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       Introduction

       PART I. THE FEDERALIZATION OF NATURALIZATION

       Chapter 1. Denaturalization, the Main Instrument of Federal Power

       Chapter 2. The Installment of the Bureau of Naturalization, 1909–1926

       Chapter 3. The Victory of the Federalization of Naturalization, 1926–1940

       PART II. A CONDITIONAL CITIZENSHIP

       Chapter 4. The First Political Denaturalization: Emma Goldman

       Chapter 5. Radicals and Asians

       Chapter 6. In the Largest Numbers: The Penalty of Living Abroad

       Chapter 7. The Proactive Denaturalization Program During World War II

       PART III. WAR IN THE SUPREME COURT

       Chapter 8. Schneiderman: A Republican Leader Defends a Communist

       Chapter 9. Baumgartner. The Program Ends, but Denaturalization Continues

       Chapter 10. A Frozen Interlude in the Cold War

       Chapter 11. Nishikawa, Perez, Trop: “The Most Important Constitutional Pronouncements of This Century”

       Chapter 12. American Citizenship Is Secured: “May Perez Rest in Peace!”

       Conclusion

       Appendix 1. Emma Goldman, “A Woman Without a Country”

       From Mother Earth (1909)

       From Free Vistas (1933)

       Appendix 2. Chiefs of the Naturalization Bureau and Evolution of Departmental Responsibilities

       Appendix 3. Naturalization Cancellations in the United States, 1907–1973

       Appendix 4. Americans Expatriated, by Grounds and Year, 1945–1977

       Appendix 5. Supreme Court and Other Important Court Decisions Related to Denaturalization and Nonvoluntary Expatriation from Schneiderman and Participating Supreme Court Justices

       Notes

       Archival Sources and Interviews

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      Introduction

      Present-day Americans feel secure in their citizenship. They are free to speak up for any cause and to oppose their government, to marry a person of any nationality, and to live wherever they decide, in the United States or abroad. Many Americans consider their citizenship the most “cherished” status in the world.1 This is why most foreign-born U.S. residents look forward to the day they can apply for citizenship, once the required five-year waiting period has passed. For many, the day they pledge allegiance to the United States will be one of the most memorable of their lives.

      Yet there was a time, not long ago, when the American government expatriated—or forcibly stripped the citizenship of—certain American citizens. Beginning in 1907, American women marrying foreign husbands, as well as previously naturalized