Kristy A. Belton

Statelessness in the Caribbean


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      Statelessness in the Caribbean

      PENNSYLVANIA STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS

      Bert B. Lockwood, Series Editor

      A complete list of books in the series is available

      from the publisher.

      Statelessness in the Caribbean

      The Paradox of Belonging in a Postnational World

      Kristy A. Belton

      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA

      Copyright © 2017 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

       www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      A Cataloging-in-Publication record is available

      ISBN 978-0-8122-4944-6

       To those who fight injustice in all its forms

      CONTENTS

       List of Abbreviations

       Preface

       PART I. RECONSIDERING FORCED DISPLACEMENT

       Chapter 1. Displaced in Place

       Chapter 2. Statelessness

       PART II. DEMOCRACIES AS ENGINES OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT

       Chapter 3. The Bahamas: Neither Fish Nor Fowl

       Chapter 4. The Dominican Republic: Foreigners in Their Own Country

       PART III. NONCITIZEN INSIDERS AND THE RIGHT TO BELONG

       Chapter 5. Noncitizen Insiders

       Chapter 6. Sharing the World with Others: A Right to Belong

       Appendices

       Notes

       References

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      ABBREVIATIONS

CARLCanadian Association of Refugee Lawyers
CEJILCenter for Justice and International Law
CESDEMCentro de Estudios Sociales y Demográficos
COBCollege of The Bahamas
CRCConvention on the Rights of the Child
DRIPDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
DESADepartment of Economic and Social Affairs
DoIDepartment of Immigration
DRDominican Republic
ECOWASEconomic Community of West African States
FNMFree National Movement
GULSHRIGeorgetown University Law School’s Human Rights Institute
GAPGlobal Action Plan to End Statelessness: 2014–2024
GDJGlobal Distributive Justice
GNIGross National Income
HRCHuman Rights Committee
HRWHuman Rights Watch
ISIInstitute on Statelessness and Inclusion
IRBInstitutional Review Board
IDPsinternally displaced persons
IACtHRInter-American Court of Human Rights
ICCPRInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
IOMInternational Organization for Migration
JCEJunta Central Electoral
MENAMIRDMesa Nacional para Migrantes y Refugiados
MFAMinistry of Foreign Affairs
MUDHAMovement for Dominican Women of Haitian Descent
NSUNationality Support Unit
NOSNational Office of Statistics
NGONongovernmental organization
OBMICAObservatorio Migrantes del Caribe
OSJIOpen Society Justice Initiative
OAUOrganization of African Unity
OASOrganization of American States
PLPProgressive Liberal Party
SIDSSmall Island Developing States
MOSCTHASociocultural Movement for Haitian Workers
SSDStatelessness Status Determination
SCJSupreme Court of Justice
UDHRUniversal Declaration of Human Rights
UNUnited Nations
UNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNICEFUnited Nations Children’s Fund
UNDPUnited Nations Development Programme
UNHCRUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UN HRCUnited Nations Human Rights Council
OHCHRUN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
UNSGUnited Nations Secretary General
USCISUnited States Citizenship and Immigration Service

      PREFACE

      This book is about belonging in a world carved into states. It asks us to examine our taken for granted assumption that we all seamlessly fall into place as citizens of one state or another and that we are able to retain the citizenship we acquired at birth throughout our life. Millions of people around the world have no citizenship. They do not formally belong anywhere.

      Take a moment and imagine what it must be like not to exist in the eyes of a state’s bureaucratic machinery, not to be protected by national laws, not to have access to—or the ability to exercise—the rights and freedoms that are bound up with a particular state’s citizenship. What must it be like to be physically present, to have tried to make a life in a place, yet to be rejected by the place you consider home? What must it be like to see others, born in the same place that you were,