Jared Staller

Converging on Cannibals


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      Converging on Cannibals

      Africa in World History

      SERIES EDITORS: DAVID ROBINSON, JOSEPH C. MILLER, AND TODD CLEVELAND

      James C. McCann

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       Making Money: Life, Death, and Early Modern Trade on Africa’s Guinea Coast

      Jared Staller

       Converging on Cannibals: Terrors of Slaving in Atlantic Africa, 1509–1670

       Converging on Cannibals

       Terrors of Slaving in Atlantic Africa, 1509–1670

      Jared Staller

      OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS

      ATHENS

      Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701

       ohioswallow.com

      © 2019 by Ohio University Press

      All rights reserved

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      Printed in the United States of America

      Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper

      29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 5 4 3 2 1

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Staller, Jared, 1982- author.

      Title: Converging on cannibals : terrors of slaving in Atlantic Africa, 1509-1670 / Jared Staller.

      Other titles: Africa in world history.

      Description: Athens, Ohio : Ohio University Press, 2019. | Series: Africa in world history | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2018045764| ISBN 9780821423523 (hc : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780821423530 (pb : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780821446607 (pdf)

      Subjects: LCSH: Cannibalism--Atlantic Coast (Africa)--History. | Slavery--Atlantic Coast (Africa)--History.

      Classification: LCC GN409 .S73 2019 | DDC 394/.90967--dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018045764

      For Iggy

      CONTENTS

       List of Illustrations

       Acknowledgments

       ONE: An Introduction to Cannibal Talk

       TWO: Angels of Deliverance, 1483–ca. 1543

       THREE: Phantoms of the Kongo, 1568–1591

       FOUR: Destroyers of Angola, 1600–1625

       FIVE: Queen of Cruelty, 1629–1655

       SIX: Preachers and Publicists, 1500–ca. 1670

       SEVEN: The Afterlife of the Jaga

       APPENDIX A: Research Methods

       APPENDIX B: Suggested Further Readings by Chapter and Topic

       APPENDIX C: Primary Source Excerpts

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Plates follow

      ILLUSTRATIONS

      Figure

       6.1. The “Jaga” text as printed in Purchas His Pilgrimage in 1613 and 1617

      Maps

       2.1. The Kongo composite in 1500

       4.1. West-central Africa with possible Imbangala migrations, ca. 1560–1620

       5.1. Njinga’s joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo at the height of her power, early 1640s

      Table

       5.1. Known and estimated slave exports from Luanda and west-central Africa, 1580–1670

      Plates

       1. Afonso I of Kongo’s coat of arms

       2. Detail of broken idols in Afonso I of Kongo’s coat of arms

       3. Afonso I orders the idols in Kongo to be burned

       4. Sebastian Münster’s colorful woodcut map of Africa

       5. Engraving showing Anzichi warfare and anthropophagy

       6. Engraving showing “Jaga” (Imbangala) warfare

       7. Cavazzi’s diagram of Imbangala man-eating and blood-drinking

       8. Cavazzi’s depiction of infanticide

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      This book has been simmering for more than a decade in my mind and in conversations with friends, family, and colleagues. My appetite for Luso-African history was piqued as an undergraduate by Professor Bob Hannah at Indiana University Purdue University–Fort Wayne (now Purdue–Northeast). While I’ve always been drawn to stories from the era of contacts in the 1400s and 1500s, when the world must have seemed very exciting and confusing, my passion for the history of the region near the Congo River was kindled as a graduate student at the University of Virginia during 2006–2013.

      I’ve also been blessed by insightful commentary and support about ideas