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Table of Contents
1 Cover
4 Preface
6 1 Classifications and Origins of Radioactive Waste 1.1. Introduction 1.2. What is radioactive waste? 1.3. Classifications of nuclear waste 1.4. Origins of nuclear waste 1.5. The global radioactive waste balance 1.6. Conclusions
7 2 Nuclear Waste Disposal Methods 2.1. Introduction. How do we get rid of nuclear waste? What solutions are there for nuclear waste in the future? 2.2. Nuclear waste management 2.3. The special case of long-lived radioactive waste management 2.4. Conclusions
8 3 Management of Historic Radioactive Waste and Low-level Waste Around the World 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Management of historical radioactive waste 3.3. International recommendations of the IAEA and NEA 3.4. Some examples of radioactive waste management 3.5. Radioactive waste outside the nuclear fuel cycle 3.6. Conclusions
9 4 Management of Intermediate- and High-level Nuclear Waste 4.1. Introduction 4.2. International recommendations of the IAEA and NEA 4.3. High-level radioactive waste management and the public 4.4. Alternative solutions 4.5. Management of high-level radioactive waste by the various States 4.6. Conclusions
10 5 Nuclear Waste Management in France 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Direct discharges into the environment 5.3. The inventory of nuclear waste in France 5.4. Nuclear waste management in France 5.5. The organization of storage for identified waste 5.6. The management of specific waste and waste without a channel 5.7. French challenges to the radioactive waste management policy 5.8. Conclusions
11 6 General Conclusions 6.1. Introduction 6.2. The main problems concerning radioactive waste 6.3. Innovations in radioactive waste management
13 References
14 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Proposed IAEA classification of radioactive waste (source: [IAE 09a]...Figure 1.2. Diagram of the origins of radioactive waste (source: [OJO 14]). HLW:...Figure 1.3. The various stages of the nuclear fuel cycles in open and closed ver...Figure 1.4. Summary of global inventories of solid radioactive waste in storage ...Figure 1.5. Global origins of radioactive waste in 2013 for A) storage and B) fi...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Diagram of two basic barriers of a multi-barrier system in a nuclear...Figure 2.2. Model of a subsurface migration scenario across a fault fracture (so...Figure 2.3. Destruction by fission of a heavy nucleus
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Application of the management system and the process of interaction ...Figure 3.2. Aspects included in the safety assessment (source: [IAE 12b]). For a...Figure 3.3. The four Japanese radioactive waste disposal projects (source: [NII ...Figure 3.4. Artificial barriers for subsurface storage of radioactive waste (sou...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Various stages in the management of low- and intermediate-level radi...Figure 4.2. Four stages of the normal evolution of the disposal system proposed ...Figure 4.3. Complementary safety assessment models and corresponding reference v...Figure 4.4. Illustration of how the integrated site description called the SKB a...Figure 4.5. Diagram for the theory of contradictory values (source: [QUI 83]). F...Figure 4.6. Type of message in relation to the context (A) and classification of...Figure 4.7. Stages in the site selection process in the United Kingdom (source: ...Figure 4.8. Diagram of the copper container selected by Sweden to store spent fu...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Schematic representation of the radioactive waste management chain (...Figure 5.2. The main actors and the various spheres involved in radioactive wast...Figure