Introduction to Japanese Architecture. David Young

      

      Introduction to Japanese Architecture

      text and photographs by David and Michiko Young

       illustrations by Tan Hong Yew

      Published by Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd

       Text © 2004 David and Michiko Young

       Illustrations © 2004 Tan Hong Yew

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher.

      ISBN: 978-1-4629-0809-7 (ebook)

      Printed in Singapore

      09 08 07 06 05 04

       6 5 4 3 2 1

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      Photo Credits

       Akita City, page 125 (No. 4); Murata Noboru, pages 91, 103; Nara Bunkazai Kenkyūjo, page 28; National Museum of Japanese History, page 54; Rekishi Kaidō Promotional Council, page 124 (bottom); Rinnōji Temple at Nikkō, page 98 (top); SANYO Electric Co. Ltd., Japan, page 125 (No. 1); Shiraoi Ainu Museum, pages 24, 25; Suzuki Toshikatsu, pages 118, 119, 120 (except left), 121; Luca Tettoni, page 120 (left); Toshitaka Morita, page 87; Michael Yamashita, pages 7, 11, 37, 50-51, 84, 126; Yoshinori Okayama, page 86.

      Acknowledgements

       We are especially indebted to Kansai Gaidai University, which has supported our research in a variety of ways and to Professor Kataoka Osamu who provided us with recent findings on prehistoric architecture. Other individuals who provided special assistance are Yoshimoto Norihito, Yoshinori Okayama, and Teresa Hurst. Institutions that were especially helpful are Ainu Minzoku Hakubutsukan (The Ainu Museum) and the Kokuritsu Rekishi Minzoku Hakubutsukan (National Museum of Japanese History). We would also like to thank the Imperial Household Agencies in Kyoto and Tokyo, the Izumi City Board of Education, Jingū Chōkokan (the museum affiliated with Ise Jingū), the Ise Shrine Office, Murōji Temple, Tōshōgū at Nikkō, the Rekishi Kaidō Promotional Council, Akita City, SANYO Electric Co. Ltd., and the many other institutions that provided us with information and pictures. Two books in Japanese that have been of special help are Nihon Kenchiku no Mikata (How to Observe Japanese Architecture) by Miyamoto Kenji and Shūfuku no Techō (Restoration Notes) by Bunkazai Kenzōbutsu Hozon Gijutsu Kyōkai (Japanese Association for the Conservation of Architectural Monuments). We are indebted to Murata Noboru, Suzuki Toshikatsu, Luca Tettoni, Toshitaka Morita, and Michael Yamashita, for granting permission to use their work to supplement photographs taken by the authors. Finally, we are grateful for the untiring assistance of our editor, Noor Azlina Yunus.

      Contents

Development of Traditional Architecture	4
Basic Principles of Japanese Architecture	6
Pre-Buddhist Cultures	12
Reconstructed Jōmon and Yayoi Settlements	14
The Grand Shrines at Ise	18
Tomb Mounds	22
Ainu Buildings	24
Influences from Korea and China	26
Heijōkyō: An Early Capital	28
Hōryūji: The Oldest Extant Temple	30
Nara Period Temples	32
Post-Buddhist Shinto Shrines	34
Developing a Cultural Identity	36
Palaces and Mansions	40
Mountain Temples	44
Paradise Halls	48
Merging of Shinto and Buddhist Architecture	52
The Way of the Warrior	54
New Principles in Residential Architecture	56
Kinkakuji and Ginkakuji Temples	58
The Way of Tea	62
Feudal Period Temples	66
The Ichijōdani Historic Site	68
Castles and Castle Culture	72
Centralized Authority	76
Edo: The Feudal Capital	78
Takayama: An Administrative Town	80
Kanazawa: A Castle Town	82
Ogimachi: A Farm Village	84
Minka: Rural Houses