Human Rights as War by Other Means. Jennifer Curtis

      

      Human Rights as War by Other Means

      PENNSYLVANIA STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS

      Bert B. Lockwood, Jr., Series Editor

      A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.

      HUMAN RIGHTS AS WAR BY OTHER MEANS

      Peace Politics in Northern Ireland

      Jennifer Curtis

      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA

      Copyright © 2014 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

       www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Curtis, Jennifer (Jennifer Gail)

      Human Rights as War by Other Means: Peace Politics in Northern Ireland / Jennifer Curtis. — 1st ed.

      p. cm. — (Pennsylvania studies in human rights)

      ISBN 978-0-8122-4619-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)

      1. Human rights—Political aspects—Northern Ireland. 2. Political violence—Northern Ireland. 3. Social conflict—Northern Ireland. 4. Peace-building—Northern Ireland. 5. Northern Ireland—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. 6. Northern Ireland—Politics and government—1994– I. Title. II. Series: Pennsylvania studies in human rights.

      JC599.G7C87 2014

941.6083—dc23

2013046740

       For Nathaniel

      CONTENTS

       Maps

       Chronology

       Chapter 1. Whose Rights and Whose Peace?

       Chapter 2. The Usual Suspects

       Chapter 3. Peace Sells—Who’s Buying?

       Chapter 4. The Politics We Deserve

       Chapter 5. No Justice, No Peace

       Chapter 6. “Love Is a Human Right”

       Chapter 7. Ethnopolitics and Human Rights

       Notes

       Glossary

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      CHRONOLOGY

1916	Easter Rising. Irish republicans seeking independence from Britain staged a rebellion, primarily in Dublin. British forces suppressed the insurrection, then court-martialed and executed the rebellion’s leaders.
1919–1921	Irish War of Independence. The IRA fought British forces for Irish independence.
1920	Partition was enacted by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, establishing two territories on the island of Ireland. Partition was reinforced by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922.
1922–1923	Irish Civil War. Republicans who favored the treaty with Britain and the partition of Northern Ireland from the new state battled republicans who opposed both the treaty and partition.
1964	Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) formed, a civil rights group that campaigned against anti-Catholic discrimination in Northern Ireland.
1966	Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) formed.
1968	October: Rioting at a civil rights march in Derry inspired formation of People’s Democracy (PD), a radical student civil rights group.
1969	January: PD attempted the “Long March” from Belfast to Derry and was attacked by loyalists and police. In subsequent months, civil unrest spread across the region.
1969	August: Massive intercommunal rioting caused civilian deaths and displacement of thousands of families, especially in west Belfast. December: Members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split from the organization, forming the Provisional IRA (PIRA) to take a more aggressive approach to the conflict. The remaining organization was called the Official IRA.
1970	July 3–5: Falls Road curfew. A curfew was instituted in the lower Falls Road area after a British army raid searching for IRA weapons and personnel erupted in rioting, gunfights, and civilian casualties. The curfew was broken by women from the upper Falls areas, who marched to the area with supplies for residents.
1971	August 9–10: Internment. Government introduced internment without trial for suspected paramilitaries. The British army carried out a wave of arrests called Operation Demetrius, resulting in widespread rioting and displacement in nationalist west Belfast. The policy continued until December 1975, during which time almost 2,000 people, mostly nationalists, were interned without trial.
1972	January 30: Bloody Sunday. British paratroopers monitoring a civil rights march shot dead thirteen unarmed civilians; seventeen others were injured, one fatally. The killings caused widespread