The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: Faries, Douglas, Xiang Zhang, Zbigniew Kadziola, Uwe Siebert, Felicitas Kuehne, Robert L. Obenchain, and Josep Maria Haro. 2020. Real World Health Care Data Analysis: Causal Methods and Implementation Using SAS®. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Real World Health Care Data Analysis: Causal Methods and Implementation Using SAS®
Copyright © 2020, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA
ISBN 978-1-64295-802-7 (Hard cover)
ISBN 978-1-64295-798-3 (Paperback)
ISBN 978-1-64295-799-0 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-64295-800-3 (epub)
ISBN 978-1-64295-801-0 (kindle)
All Rights Reserved. Produced in the United States of America.
For a hard-copy book: No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc.
For a web download or e-book: Your use of this publication shall be governed by the terms established by the vendor at the time you acquire this publication.
The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of others’ rights is appreciated.
U.S. Government License Rights; Restricted Rights: The Software and its documentation is commercial computer software developed at private expense and is provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS to the United States Government. Use, duplication, or disclosure of the Software by the United States Government is subject
to the license terms of this Agreement pursuant to, as applicable, FAR 12.212, DFAR 227.7202-1(a), DFAR 227.7202-3(a), and DFAR 227.7202-4, and, to the extent required under U.S. federal law, the minimum restricted rights as set out in FAR 52.227-19 (DEC 2007). If FAR 52.227-19 is applicable, this provision serves as notice under clause (c) thereof and no other notice is required to be affixed to the Software or documentation. The Government’s rights in Software and documentation shall be only those set forth in this Agreement.
SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, NC 27513-2414
January 2020
SAS® and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA registration.
Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
SAS software may be provided with certain third-party software, including but not limited to open-source software, which is licensed under its applicable third-party software license agreement. For license information about third-party software distributed with SAS software, refer to http://support.sas.com/thirdpartylicenses.
Contents
What Should You Know about the Examples?
Software Used to Develop the Book’s Content
Chapter 1: Introduction to Observational and Real World Evidence Research
1.2 Definition and Types of Real World Data (RWD)
1.3 Experimental Versus Observational Research
1.4 Types of Real World Studies
1.4.2 Retrospective or Case-control Studies
1.4.3 Prospective or Cohort Studies
1.5 Questions Addressed by Real World Studies
1.6 The Issues: Bias and Confounding
1.7 Guidance for Real World Research
1.8 Best Practices for Real World Research
Chapter 2: Causal Inference and Comparative Effectiveness: A Foundation
2.3 From R.A. Fisher to Modern Causal Inference Analyses
2.3.1 Fisher’s Randomized Experiment