BANGLADESH
FINANCIAL SECTOR
AN AGENDA FOR FURTHER REFORMS
Syed Ali-Mumtaz H. Shah
Asian Development Bank
© 2009 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published 2008.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISBN 978-971-561-796-3
Publication Stock No.RPT090254
Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Syed Ali-Mumtaz H. Shah
Bangladesh financial sector: an agenda for further reforms
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2009.
1. Finance sector 2. Bangladesh I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
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Currency Equivalents
(as of 6 February 2009)
| Currency Unit | – | taka (Tk) |
| Tk1.00 | = | $0.014 |
| $1.00 | = | Tk68.940 |
Abbreviations
| ADB | – | Asian Development Bank |
| CBSF | – | Credit, Bridge and Standby Facility |
| CSE | – | Chittagong Stock Exchange |
| DFI | – | development finance institution |
| DFID | – | Department for International Development of the United Kingdom |
| DSE | – | Dhaka Stock Exchange |
| FIRST | – | Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative |
| GDP | – | gross domestic product |
| ICB | – | Investment Corporation of Bangladesh |
| IFC | – | International Finance Corporation |
| IMF | – | International Monetary Fund |
| IPO | – | initial public offering |
| NBFI | – | nonbank financial institution |
| NGO | – | nongovernment organization |
| NPL | – | nonperforming loan |
| OCCI | – | Office of the Chief Controller of Insurance |
| PCB | – | private commercial bank |
| SCB | – | state-owned commercial bank |
| SEC | – | Securities and Exchange Commission |
| SMEs | – | small and medium-sized enterprises |
| SOE | – | state-owned enterprise |
| UNDP | – | United Nations Development Programme |
NOTES
(i)The fiscal year (FY) of the government ends on 30 June. FY before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2007 ends on 30 June 2007.
(ii)In this report, “$” refers to US dollars.
Introduction
The economy of Bangladesh has been growing steadily. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average rate of 5.8% per annum during 2000–2009, compared with 5.5% in 1995–2009. The GDP annual growth rate reached 5.9% in FY2009, down from 6.2% in FY2008. The deep and prolonged recession in the United States and Europe from the 2008 financial crisis adversely affected GDP growth in FY2009 (see discussion under Macroeconomics Environment).1 From 1991 to 2005, the national poverty incidence fell from 59% to 40%. Efforts to overcome poverty face numerous constraints, including the urgent need for strong law and order, good infrastructure, sound and efficient financial markets, high-quality social services that are accessible and affordable, and an enabling environment for private sector development.
The government’s National Poverty Reduction Strategy2 reaffirms that poverty reduction and accelerating the pace of social development are Bangladesh’s most important long-term strategic goals. The development of the financial sector is critical for meeting the twin goals of economic growth and poverty reduction since the financial sector mobilizes resources and allocates them to those investments that are capable of generating the highest return on capital. The better the financial sector can fulfill this role, the better the economy will perform in the long run. Financial sector development can benefit the poor by: (i) promoting overall economic growth, which in turn leads to improved income levels overall, and (ii) reducing the risk of financial crises, whose adjustment costs are most felt by the poor improving access of the poor to financial services.
In recognition of the strategic importance of the financial sector in reducing poverty, the Financial Sector Strategy study for Bangladesh has been prepared to take stock of and map the required initiatives over the medium to long term. The study will guide future operations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in this sector in the context of the overarching poverty reduction objective of the government and ADB. The study provides an assessment of how the financial sector can help create a better environment for growth, employment, and investment and help reduce poverty. It also takes into account the political realities and identifies reforms and measures that have not yet been addressed.
Macroeconomic Environment
Rapid economic growth has underpinned poverty reduction efforts. Real annual GDP growth averaged 5.8% during 2000–2009, up from 4.8% in the 1990s and 3.5% in the 1980s. The poor have benefited from economic growth as rural and urban poverty have declined. The stable macroeconomic environment and measures taken to open up the economy resulted in annual export growth of 17% in the 3 years up to FY2008, and substantial employment generation, especially in ready-made garments. Bangladesh’s economy exhibited resilience in the face of the global economic downturn as GDP grew by 5.9% in FY2009. The GDP growth rate in FY2009 revealed moderation in aggregate demand due to a slowdown in exports and remittance inflows and also underpinned by private consumption (about 75% of GDP) which rose by 6%. Exports rose by 10.3% in FY2009 despite the global