Jody David Armour

Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism


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      Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism

       Critical America

       General Editors: RICHARD DELGADO and JEAN STEFANCIC

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      To Be an American: Cultural Pluralism and the Rhetoric of Assimilation Bill Ong Hing

      Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America Jody David Armour

      Black Rage Confronts the Law Paul Harris

      NEGROPHOBIA AND REASONABLE RACISM

      The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America

      Jody David Armour

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      NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London

      Copyright © 1997 by New York University

      All rights reserved

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Armour, Jody David.

      Negrophobia and reasonable racism : the hidden costs of being

      Black in America / Jody David Armour.

      p. cm. — (Critical America)

      Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

      ISBN 0-8147-0640-1 (acid-free paper)

      1. Discrimination in criminal justice administration—United States.

      2. Afro-Americans—Civil rights. 3. Racism—United States.

      4. United States—Race relations. I. Title. II. Series.

      HV9950.A75 1997

      305.896’073—dc21 96-51306

       CIP

      New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper,

      and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      To Addie Armour and in memory of Fred Armour

      CONTENTS

       Acknowledgments

       Introduction “Rational” Discrimination and the Black Tax

       Chapter One The “Reasonable Racist”: A Slippery Oxymoron

       How We Know What We Know: The Typical, the Reasonable, and the Accurate

       Why We Blame Whom We Blame: The Typical, the Reasonable, and the Damnable

       Chapter Two The “Intelligent Bayesian”: Reckoning with Rational Discrimination

       Why Rational Discrimination Is Not Reasonable

       Race and the Subversion of Rationality

       Chapter Three The “Involuntary Negrophobe”

       The Involuntary Negrophobe and Dueling Conceptions of Law

       Chapter Four Of Mice and Men: Equal Protection and Unconscious Bias

       Private Bias and Equal Protection

       Restructuring the Maze to Serve Justice

       Chapter Five Blame and Punishment: Narrative, Perspective, Scapegoats, and Demons

       Framing the Narrative Broadly in Women’s Self-Defense Work

       Narrative, Consent, and Blame

       The Fundamental Fault Line: Determinism versus Antideterminism

       “Disadvantaged Social Background”

       Opponents Grasp at Straws

       Ideological Agendas

       Chapter Six Repealing the Black Tax: Breaking the Discrimination Habit

       Hypocritical Racists and Aversive Racists