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Table of Contents
1 Cover
4 Preface Background Changes in the Context of Health Care Technological Imperatives Team Working Modern Ways of Working to Make a Difference
6 1 Introduction 1.1 What Do we Mean by Statistics? 1.2 Why Is Statistics Necessary? 1.3 The Limitations of Statistics 1.4 Performing Statistical Calculations The Purpose of this Text
7 2 Health Care Investigations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Populations, Samples and Observations 2.3 Counting Things – The Sampling Unit 2.4 Sampling Strategy 2.5 Target and Study Populations 2.6 Sample Designs 2.7 Simple Random Sampling 2.8 Systematic Sampling 2.9 Stratified Sampling 2.10 Quota Sampling 2.11 Cluster Sampling 2.12 Sampling Designs – Summary 2.13 Statistics and Parameters 2.14 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 2.15 Parametric and Non‐Parametric Statistics
8 3 Processing Data 3.1 Scales of Measurement 3.2 The Nominal Scale 3.3 The Ordinal Scale 3.4 The Interval Scale 3.5 The Ratio Scale 3.6 Conversion of Interval Observations to an Ordinal Scale 3.7 Derived Variables 3.8 Logarithms 3.9 The Precision of Observations 3.10 How Precise Should We Be? 3.11 The Frequency Table 3.12 Aggregating Frequency Classes 3.13 Frequency Distribution of Count Observations 3.14 Bivariate Data
9 4 Presenting Data 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dot Plot or Line Plot 4.3 Bar Graph 4.4 Histogram 4.5 Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve 4.6 Centiles and Growth Charts 4.7 Scattergram 4.8 Circle or Pie Graph
10 5 Clinical Trials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Nature of Clinical Trials 5.3 Clinical Trial Designs 5.4 Psychological Effects and Blind Trials 5.5 Historical Controls 5.6 Ethical Issues 5.7 Case Study: Leicestershire Electroconvulsive Therapy Study 5.8 Summary
11 6 Introduction to Epidemiology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Measuring Disease 6.3 Study Designs – Cohort Studies 6.4 Study Designs – Case‐Control Studies 6.5 Cohort or Case‐Control Study? 6.6 Choice of Comparison Group 6.7 Confounding 6.8 Summary
12 7 Measuring the Average 7.1 What Is an Average? 7.2 The Mean 7.3 Calculating the Mean of Grouped Data 7.4