1% acetic acid (50 : 50, v/v)
LC-Orbitrap-MS
|
72–113
|
20
|
[28]
|
|
OCPs, OPPs, pyrethroids (58)
|
SLE: Water/Acetonitrile 1% acetic acid. Extraction salts: MgSO4 and sodium acetate
Clean-up: MgSO4, PSA & C18
|
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
69−119
|
100−5000
|
[61]
|
|
30-multicalss
|
SLE: Methanol
Clean-up: SPE (Oasis HLB)
|
LC-QTRAP-MS/MS
|
70−120
|
1−10
|
[93]
|
|
18-multiclass
|
SLE: Water/Acetonitrile (1 : 5, v/v)
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
50−120
|
50
|
[62]
|
|
Fenamidone, propamocarb
|
SLE: Methanol or Water
Clean-up: MgSO4 & PSA
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
77−108
|
0.4–2
|
[100]
|
|
Oxanilic and sulfonic acid metabolites of acetochlor
|
SLE: Acetonitrile /Water (60 : 40, v/v)
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
91−120
|
1−2
|
[92]
|
|
Endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and their metabolites
|
SLE: Ethyl acetate with a 1 : 5 (w/v) soil-to-solvent ratio
|
GC-IT-MS
|
76−95
|
10−50b
|
[29]
|
|
Acetochlor and Propisochlor
|
SLE: Methanol/water (1 : 1 v/v)
Clean-up: PSA
|
GC-ECD
|
80−116
|
10
|
[63]
|
|
10 OCPs
|
SLE: Water/Acetonitrile
Clean-up: MgSO4
|
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
70−115
|
2−40
|
[106]
|
|
10 OCPs and metabolites
|
QuEChERS.
Clean-up: Sulfuric acid and florisil
|
GC-IRMS
|
60−100
|
500
|
[115]
|
|
218
|
QuEChERS using Acetonitrile 2.5% formic acid. Extraction salts: MgSO4 & sodium acetate
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
70−120
|
0.5−20
|
[99]
|
|
Pydiflumetofen enantiomers
|
QuEChERS
Clean-up: MgSO4 & C18
|
UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
84–103
|
5
|
[97]
|
|
Pyrethroid pesticide metabolite
|
QuEChERS
Clean-up: d-SPE
|
GC-IT-MS
|
70−94
|
13
|
[64]
|
|
32-multiclass
|
UAE: 40 mL of methanol–water (4 : 1 v/v). 20 minutes
|
LC-Q-MS
|
60−110
|
1.5−5.0
|
[107]
|
|
25-Triazines, phenylureas, phenoxy acid pesticides
|
PLE: Dichloromethane –acetone (1 : 1, v/v) and Acetonitrile–water (2 : 1, v/v)
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
65−120
|
0.1−3
|
[95]
|
|
51 Fungicides and insecticides
|
PLE: Methanol:acetonitrile (70 : 30, v/v) Methanol: Acetonitrile:formic acid (65 : 30:5, v/v)
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
57−136
|
0.3−8.5
|
[96]
|
|
9 OPCs & PAHs
|
MAE: Hexane/water (3 : 2 v/v)
|
GC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
−
|
−
|
[104]
|
|
8 Pesticides and metabolites
|
DLLME
|
LC-FD
|
70−120
|
0.07−80
|
[114]
|
|
8 Chiral pesticides
|
MSPD-DLLME
|
LC-QqQ-MS/MS
|
87−104
|
0.2−1.5
|
[65]
|
|
5 OPPs
|
Deep eutectic solvent embedded sponge
|
LC-UV-Vis
|
−
|
−
|
[113]
|
aAbbreviations: DLLE: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; d-SPE: Dispersive solid phase extraction; ECD: Electron capture detector; FD: Fluorescence detection; GC: Gas chromatography; HLB: Hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced; IRMS: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry; IT: Ion trap; LC: Liquid chromatography; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; MS: Mass spectrometry; MSPD: Matrix solid phase dispersion; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; OCPs: Organochlorine pesticides; OPPs: Organophosphorus pesticides; PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls; PLE: Pressurized liquid extraction; PSA: Primary secondary amine; Q: Single quadrupole; QqQ: Triple quadrupole; QTRAP: Hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap; SLE: Solid-liquid extraction; SPE: solid phase extraction. UAE: Ultrasonic-assisted extraction; UHPLC: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible detection.
bInstrumental method (µg l−1).
The PLE method is based on the use of a solvent that is applied at high pressure and temperature through a solid or semisolid sample (e.g. soils) to effectively extract the analytes, being faster than conventional SLE. The selection of optimum experimental parameters, such as extraction temperature, flush
