with the British. Back in the 1950s I was unaware that Michael Collins had died in his arms in an ambush at a remote valley near a place called Bealnablath during the Irish Civil War.
I eventually discovered that Dalton had been a student of the Christian Brothers at O’Connell School in Dublin where I was educated myself. Two of the retired Brothers living at O’Connell’s during my era had known Dalton well, I would later discover – one was Brother William Allen. The ethos in the school was strongly nationalist and we were told much about Irish history, especially the 1916 rebellion and the depredations of the Black and Tans. A former teacher at the school, a quiet-spoken man called Joseph Tallon, was brought in by our teacher, An Bráthair Ó Flaitile, to tell us of his own role in the 1916 Rising. (Sadly, I can only remember one quote: ‘We had all been to Confession, and we were all prepared to die.’) So why were we not told about the exciting military adventures of this very distinguished past pupil, Emmet Dalton? I believe it was to do with the Irish Civil War – it was a taboo subject. This was understandable. When I first attended O’Connell’s, it was only thirty years after the end of the ‘brother against brother’ conflict. Despite some reconciliation that had taken place, memories were still strong and emotional wounds were still raw. Former school friends at O’Connell’s had fought on different sides and there was personal bitterness. I was astonished to learn that one of Dalton’s former schoolmates had put him on a ‘death list’ during the war, to be shot at sight. In my ten years at O’Connell’s, I don’t believe I heard the words ‘Irish Civil War’ mentioned even once. As a result, it was only in later years that I began to learn about the remarkable story of Emmet Dalton.
As I talked to people who knew him and delved into the archives, a picture of a rather complex man emerged. He was a tough-minded soldier who in times of war could be a relentless fighter and was capable of making very hard decisions; he wanted to protect his men and he wanted his side to win. He was endowed with physical and moral courage, and at least one person talked of the element of ‘steel’ in his character. He had fine human qualities – he could be sensitive, kind and compassionate, was loyal to comrades and friends, and wrote poetry. He also had a forceful personality, exuded a sense of authority, and had the calm, self-assured air of a natural leader of men. He had a low tolerance for what he regarded as nonsense or subterfuge, and had a reputation for being stubborn. On the other hand, he had great charm and was a pleasant, congenial companion; people liked to be in his company, he was a great raconteur and he was noted for his dry sense of humour. It has been said that old-fashioned patriotism was one of the motives behind his efforts to establish an Irish film industry.
He was a believing Catholic all his life and in his final years took much consolation from his faith. However, some in the church may not have entirely approved of his sideline as a semi-professional gambler, betting heavily on the horses. For a period as a young man he drank heavily, before showing his usual self-discipline by giving up alcohol totally. Apart from some early marital difficulties due to his ‘taking to the drink’, he had a very happy marriage, and was much loved by his children and grandchildren. He loved sport, played soccer in his youth, and was a gifted golfer.
In addition to his other accomplishments, Dalton was one of the founding fathers of the Irish Defence Forces. It could be argued that he was one of the first members of the Volunteer force, that evolved into the Irish Army, to use an armoured car in an operation – albeit an armoured car hi-jacked from the British, as outlined above. He played a key role in procuring the first aircraft and recruiting the first two pilots for the unit that would develop into the Irish Air Corps. He oversaw the takeover from the British of military bases, some of which are in use by our Defence Forces to this day, and played an important role in training and recruitment as the new National Army took shape. He procured the first field guns for that force, and commanded the first artillery bombardment at the start of the Civil War. When he led a daring seaborne invasion of the south coast, pushing the anti-Treaty forces out of their bases in Cork city and county, one of the ships he deployed was a vessel that would later form the basis of a future Irish naval service. It was the most significant amphibious operation of the Civil War, an Irish mini-version of the D-Day landings, and it played a crucial role in turning the tide of war against the republicans. When he accomplished all this the ‘boy general’ of the Free Staters was only twenty-four years old. The more I discovered about this past pupil of O’Connell’s the more interested I became. This biography is the result of that long-standing fascination with the life and times of Major General James Emmet Dalton (1898–1978).
CHAPTER ONE
Early Days
Emmet Dalton was born in the United States on 4 March 1898 to Irish-American parents who lived in Fall River, Massachusetts, a relatively prosperous mill town. Emmet’s father, James Francis Dalton, was feisty and personable, and enthusiastically threw himself into work, business and politics. There were strong Irish connections in the family. James Francis’s own father, James senior, was born in Galmoy, County Kilkenny in 1839, just a few years before the Great Famine that forced many Irish to seek refuge in America. James senior took the emigrant ship also, marrying another Irish immigrant, Laois-born Elizabeth Walsh, after settling in Rhode Island. Possibly influenced by the folk memory of the Famine, James F. was a fervent Irish nationalist, convinced that the Irish had suffered many wrongs inflicted by their English overlords. He was an enthusiastic supporter of Irish causes and would become immersed in the campaign for Home Rule.
Like other men of Irish background in the state of Massachusetts, James F. became active in the Democratic Party, and in the 1890s was a state committee man.1 One of his contemporaries in the party was a man of similar background, John Francis Fitzgerald, known as ‘Honey Fitz’, whose parents were also Irish-born. Both men loved sport, especially baseball, and James F. was a director of the Fall River Baseball Association. Fitzgerald would go on to become the Mayor of Boston and an extremely powerful figure in Boston politics – his grandson, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, would become President of the United States. With his energy, drive and affability, James F. might also have carved out a career for himself in Massachusetts politics but he was destined to take a different path in life.
When he was in his late twenties, James F. decided on a great adventure – he would leave America, and return with his family to the land of his ancestors. By now, James F. had been married twice, and had two sons. His first wife was Bridget Heffernon, and they had a son, Martin Joseph. After Bridget died, apparently in childbirth, James F. at age 28, married again, this time his bride being Katherine Lee Riley (20), who was born in Somerset, Massachusetts where her family were farmers. The marriage register lists James F. as a manager by profession, while his bride is described as a stenographer.2 Katherine was also of Irish-American background: her mother’s maiden name was Margaret Cronin; her father’s name was Charley Riley. Both parents had been born in Ireland.
The couple were married in Somerset on 2 June 1897 by a Catholic priest, and their son James Emmet Dalton, was born the following year.3 According to the city birth register, the family then lived in Fall River. The boy was called after the Irish patriot, Robert Emmet, who had the same birthday, 4 March. Robert Emmet, born in 1778, was executed in Dublin in 1803 after an abortive rebellion against British rule. By coincidence, there happened to be an infamous individual with a similar name who was in the news during the 1890s. This was Emmett Dalton, an outlaw in the American Old West who became notorious as an armed robber and member of the Dalton Gang. However, there is little doubt that the baby was called after the patriot rather than the bandit, even though the entry in the Fall River birth register is rendered as ‘James E. Dalton’, thus giving less emphasis to the ‘Emmet’ element in the name. The father’s occupation is given as ‘salesman’.
James F. moved to Dublin, Ireland around 1900, where he went into business. It is unclear if he tried to seek out relations in County Kilkenny. When he had settled in, he sent for his wife Katherine, who set off for Ireland with their infant son Emmet and James’s son Martin J. from his first marriage.4 Arriving in Dublin, they soon moved into the new house that James F. Dalton had acquired for his family. It was in a new housing estate at Drumcondra, with green fields nearby, in an area that was then on the