within the context of the tomato subsector. In Regoverning Markets Agrifood Sector Studies. London: IIED.
Macquarie First South (2013) South African Food Retailers. Report published by Macquarie First South Securities, Johannesburg.
McMichael P (ed.) (1994) The Global Restructuring of Agro-Food Systems. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Miller D (2008) Retail renaissance or company rhetoric? The failed partnership of a South African corporation and local suppliers in Zambia. Labour, Capital and Society, 41(1): 35–55.
Marsden TK, M Harrison and A Flynn (1998) Creating competitive space: Exploring the social and political maintenance of retail power. Environment and Planning A, 30: 481–498.
Mashala P (2013) Supporting new farming entrepreneurs. Farmer’s Weekly 31 May: 48–49.
Mashala P (2012) Walmart’s ‘direct farming’ revolution. Farmer’s Weekly, 27 July: 58–60.
Mather C (2005) The growth challenges of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa’s food processing complex. Development Southern Africa, 22 (5): 607–22.
Mather C and B Kenny (2005) The difficulties of ‘emerging markets’: Cross-continental investment in the South African dairy sector. In Fold N and B Pritchard (eds) Cross-Continental Food Chains. London and New York: Routledge.
National Planning Commission (2011) National Development Plan: Vision for 2030. Pretoria: Office of the President.
Nkomo M (2013) Experiences and insights on smallholder farmer value chain integration. In Greenberg S (ed.) Smallholders and Agro-food Value Chains in South Africa: Emerging Practices, Emerging Challenges. Cape Town: Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS).
Planting S (2012) Massmart ordered to pay R200m fund, 9 October. http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mon-eyweb-economic-trends/massmart-ordered-to-pay-r200m-to-fund [Accessed 9 October 2012].
Planting S (2010) ‘Into the trolley’ Financial Mail, 23 July: 32–35.
RBB Economics (2011) The merger of Walmart and Massmart: Economic issues. Redacted statement to the Competition Commission, 3 May.
Reardon T (2005) Retail companies as integrators of value-chains in developing countries. Report prepared for Deutsche Gesselschaft fure Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ): Eschborn.
Reardon T and J Berdegue (2002) The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: Challenges and opportunities for development. Development Policy Review, 20:317–334.
Roberts S (2004) The role for competition policy in economic development: The South African experience. TIPS Working Paper Series (WP8–2004). Johannesburg: Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS).
Statistics South Africa (2013) Labour Force Survey. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
Statistics South Africa (2007) Retail trade, Statistical report 62-01-02. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
Tilly C (2007) Wal-Mart and its workers: NOT the same all over the world. Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 39: 1805–1823.
Tilly C (2006) Wal-Mart in Mexico: the limits of growth. In Lichtenstein N (ed.) Wal-Mart: Template for 21st Century Capitalism? New York and London: The New Press.
Weatherspoon D and T Reardon (2003) The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood systems and the rural poor. Development Policy Review, 21 (3): 1–17.
Wrigley N (2000) The globalisation of retail capital: Themes for economic geography. In Clark GL, MP Feldman and MS Gertler (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wrigley N, N Coe and A Currah (2005) Globalising retail: Conceptualising the distribution-based transational corporation (TNC). Progress in Human Geography, 29: 437–457.
NOTES
1 This chapter benefitted from discussions with Michael Aliber, Stephen Greenberg and Neva Makgetla. Interpretation and any errors, of course, remain mine.
2 See http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/09/employment, accessed 26/09/2011.
3 The state requested the judgment be set aside through an argument around discovery (information requested but not provided) in the Tribunal process that prevented full evidence being heard that would have supported its case.
4 Times Live 2/8/2011, http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2011/08/02/walmart-massmart-merger-poses-risk-to-sa-ministers, accessed 2/8/2011.
5 Compare South Africa’s high degree of formalisation to Mexico, where only 7 per cent of the market was through formal channels when Wal-Mart entered (Tilly 2006).
6 See http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/files/1019812640/Investor_Centre_Files/Annual_Reports/Annual-Report-2012/7_4521_Chairmans_Report.pdf, accessed 29 June 2013.
7 See http://www.cambridgefood.co.za/about.asp, accessed 1 June 2013.
8 Also, all expect Massmart to grow through expanding its African operations, understood as being a major growth area (BMI 2013; Macquarie 2013). Massmart already operates in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa through four divisions comprising 235 stores, and one buying association serving 480 independent retailers and wholesalers (http://www.fastmoving.co.za/retailers/retailer-profiles-132/massmart-198). Massmart has already announced plans to expand its operations especially in Africa in 2013 (‘Massmart to focus on store growth in Africa’ FMCG SUPPLIER NEWS Ventures Africa – May 30th, http://www.fastmoving.co.za/news/supplier-news-17/massmart-to-focus-on-store-growth-in-africa-3802; accessed 11 June 2013).
9 Indeed, Pick n Pay has made efforts to upgrade its centralised distribution systems in line with competitive pressures from Wal-Mart’s entry (BMI 2013). Rumours also abound about Tesco’s move to acquire Pick n Pay.
10 See http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/files/1019812640/Investor_Centre_Files/Annual_Reports/Annual-Report-2012/8_4521_Chief_Executives_Report.pdf, accessed 29 June 2013.
11 Shoprite operates a wholly owned subsidiary Freshmark, which runs its distribution centres in South Africa. It procures both South African fresh fruit and vegetables and imports. Its website says, ‘It operates its own network of distribution centres and refridgerated trucks; negotiates production contracts with some 459 large- and small-scale farmers in South Africa and as well as 354 suppliers in the 11 African countries we operate in; sources specialty fruit and vegetables on international markets, and plays a key role in equipping emerging farmers with the knowledge and skills to produce and meet international GLOBALG.A.P. standards (http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/pages/1019812640/retailing-services/Freshmark.asp,