The door closed with a loud bang.
Honestly, I didn’t mean to be rude to you.
When the adverbial is at the start of the sentence it is called a fronted adverbial. These are followed by a comma:
Seriously, are you wearing that?
At the end of the match, the players shook hands.
Bitterly disappointed, the home supporters left the stadium quickly.
When the cake is golden brown, take it out of the oven.
Active voice and passive voice
There are two different ways of presenting the same information in a sentence. These are the active voice and the passive voice. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence does the action:
In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence has the action done to it:
The passive voice uses be with the past participle of the verb:
is being fed
was chased
It usually sounds more natural to use the active voice when you are writing, but sometimes it is good to use the passive voice if you do not know who did something or you do not want to blame someone.
The bus shelter has been vandalised.
The front door has been left open again.
English is very good at making new words from existing words. This can be done by putting words together or by adding prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes
A prefix is a letter or group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word to make a new word. Adding a prefix to a word changes the word’s meaning. When you write a prefix on its own, you put a hyphen after it, for example un-. When you add the prefix to a word to make a new word, you do not keep the hyphen (except in a very few cases which you can see on pages 56–57):
un‑ + usual = unusual
un‑ + cover = uncover
un‑ + happiness = unhappiness
The prefix un- means ‘not’ so when you add it to a word you give it the opposite meaning:
un‑ + friendly = unfriendly (not friendly)
Other prefixes that do this are dis-, non- and in-:
dis‑ + agree = disagree
non‑ + fiction = nonfiction
in‑ + expensive = inexpensive
When you put in- before words that begin with certain letters, the n changes:
• before l, in- changes to il-: il‑ + legal = illegal
• before m, in- changes to im-: im‑ + modest = immodest
• before p, in- changes to im-: im‑ + patient = impatient
• before r, in- changes to ir-: ir‑ + rational = irrational
Other prefixes that are useful to know are:
| prefix | meaning | example | language it comes from |
| anti- | against | anticlockwise | Greek |
| pro- | in favour of | prowar | Latin |
| de- | undo or remove | defrost | Latin |
| bi- | two or twice | bimonthly | Latin |
| auto- | self | autobiography | Greek |
| ante- | before | antenatal | Latin |
| co- | together | cooperate | Latin |
| pre- | before | predate | Latin |
| re- | again | reheat | Latin |
| circum- | round or about | circumference | Latin |
| ex- | out or outside of | external | Latin |
| inter- | between | international | Latin |
| mis- | wrong or false | misbehave | Old English |
| sub- | under | subway | Latin |
| super- | larger, over or beyond | superpower | Latin |
| mini- | small | miniskirt | English |
| over- | too much | overeat | English |
| trans- | across | transmit | Latin |
| tele- | distant | television | Greek |
| ultra- | extremely | ultramodern | Latin |
| micro- | small | microcomputer | Greek |
| tri- | three | tricycle | Latin |
Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or group of letters that is added to the end of a word to make a new word. Adding a suffix to a word changes a word’s meaning. When you write a suffix on its own, you put a hyphen in front of it, for example ‑ness. When you add the suffix to a word to make a new word, you do not keep the hyphen:
sad + ‑ness = sadness
There are spelling rules about adding suffixes to words. You can find these on pages 81–85.
Two useful suffixes are ‑ful and ‑less. These are added to words to make adjectives. The suffix ‑ful means ‘full of’, while ‑less means ‘without’:
hope + ‑ful = hopeful (full of hope)
hope + ‑less = hopeless (without hope)
pain + ‑ful = painful (full of pain)
pain + ‑less = painless (without pain)
Here are some other suffixes that make adjectives:
| suffix | meaning | example |
| ‑able | able to | readable |
| ‑al | related to | traditional |
| ‑ary | related to | revolutionary |
| ‑ible | able to | reversible |
| ‑ic | related to | rhythmic |
| ‑ish | fairly or rather | smallish |
| ‑ist | prejudiced | racist |
| ‑ive | tending to | divisive |
| ‑like | resembling | dreamlike |
| ‑ous | full of | perilous |
| ‑y | like or full of | grassy |
There are some suffixes that mean ‘the state of’, ‘the condition of’ or ‘the quality of’. These make nouns:
| suffix | example |
| ‑ness | blind + ‑ness = blindness |
| ‑ity | stupid + ‑ity = stupidity |
| ‑ance | accept + ‑ance = acceptance |
| ‑ation | legalize + ‑ation = legalization |
| ‑dom | bore + ‑dom = boredom |
| ‑ence | depend + ‑ence = dependence |
| ‑hood | child + ‑hood = childhood |
| ‑ion | elect + ‑ion = election |
| ‑ship | dictator + ‑ship = dictatorship |
Other suffixes that make nouns include:
| suffix | meaning | example |
| ‑er | person who does something | painter |
| ‑er | thing that does something | fastener |
| ‑er | person
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