What Matters?. Wendell Berry

to the United States, policy makers and economists seem to be aware of the existence of agriculture. They even think that agriculture may be a good thing for a nation of eaters to have.

      If agriculture and the necessity of food production ever penetrate the consciousness of our politicians and economists, how successful will they be in job-training our overeducated, ignorant young people to revive our own aging and dwindling farm population? What will it take to get significant numbers of our young people, white of collar and soft of hands, to submit to hard work and long days, let alone to getting dirty? In my worst, clearest moments I am afraid the necessity of agriculture will not be widely recognized apart from the sterner necessity of actual hunger. For half a century or so, our informal but most effective agricultural policy has been to eat as much, as effortlessly, as thoughtlessly, and as cheaply as we can, to hell with whatever else may be involved. Such a policy can of course lead to actual hunger.

      In Goethe’s Faust, the devil Mephistopheles is fulfilling some of the learned doctor’s wishes by means of witchcraft, which the doctor is finding unpleasant. The witches cook up a brew that promises to make him young, but Faust is nauseated by it. He asks (this is Randall Jarrell’s translation):

      Has neither Nature nor some noble mind Discovered some remedy, some balsam?

      Mephistopheles, who is a truth-telling devil, replies:

      There is a natural way to make you young . . . Go out in a field And start right in to work: dig, hoe, Keep your thoughts and yourself in that field, Eat the food you raise . . . Be willing to manure the field you harvest. And that’s the best way—take it from me!— To go on being young at eighty.

      Faust, a true intellectual, unsurprisingly objects:

      Oh, but to live spade in hand— I’m not used to it, I couldn’t stand it. So narrow a life would not suit me.

      And Mephistopheles replies:

       Well then, we still must have the witch.

      Lately I’ve been returning to that passage again and again, and every time I read it I laugh. I laugh because it is a piece of superb wit, and because it is true. Faust’s idea that farm life is necessarily “narrow” remains perfectly up-to-date. It is still true that to escape that alleged narrowness requires the agency of a supra-natural or extra-human power—though now, for Goethe’s witchcraft, we would properly substitute industrial agriculture.

      This progress from witchcraft to industrial agriculture does not seem to be especially happy. We could be forgiven, I think, if we find it horrifying. Farming does involve working hard and getting dirty. Faust, perhaps understandably, does not love it. To escape it, for a while at least, he has only to drink a nauseating beverage concocted by witches. But we, who have decided as a nation and by policy not to love farming, have escaped it, for a while at least, by turning it into an “agri-industry.” But agri-industry is a package containing far more than its label confesses. In addition to an array of labor-saving or people-replacing devices and potions, it has given us massive soil erosion and degradation, water pollution, maritime hypoxic zones, destroyed rural communities and cultures, a farming population dwindled almost to disappearance, toxic food, and an absolute dependence on a despised and exploited force of migrant workers.

      This is not, by any accounting, a bargain. Maybe we have begun to see that it is not, but we have only begun. As a nation, we have ahead of us a lot of hard work that we are not going to be able to do with clean hands. We had better try to love it.

       (2009)