.

Cettinje, 1906; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Peru and Ecuador, 1908–13; Minister, Serbia, 1913.

      Crackanthorpe, Dayrell Eardley Montague: First Secretary of Legation to Serbia. Born September 9, 1871; entered Diplomatic Service, 1896; Madrid, Washington, Brussels, Bucharest, Vienna, Belgrade, 1913.

      Rodd, Sir Rennell: Ambassador to Italy. Born November 9, 1858; entered Diplomatic Service, 1883; Berlin, Athens, Rome, Paris; Secretary Embassy, Rome, 1901–4; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Sweden, 1904–8; Ambassador, Italy, 1908.

      Albert I, King of Belgium.

      FRANCE

      Poincaré, Raymond: President of the Republic.

      Viviani, René: President of the Council, a Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Premier of the Cabinet. Had been Minister of Instruction in the Cabinet of Gaston Doumergue, which resigned June 2, 1914; Poincaré asked him at that time to form a cabinet, but Ambassador Paléologue intimated from St. Petersburg that the Czar feared a Viviani ministry would modify the three years' military service law, and therefore another was sought for this position. After the failure of the Ribot Cabinet on June 12, 1914, he was again called upon, and, no objections being made, he formed the ministry acting at the outbreak of the war. After the beginning of the hostilities he retained the position of President of the Council without portfolio.

      Jonnart, Charles Celestin: Minister for Foreign Affairs. Born December 27, 1857; Governor General Algiers and Minister of the Interior.

      Pichon, Stephen: Minister for Foreign Affairs. Born August 10, 1857 Diplomatic Service in Hayti, San Domingo, Rio de Janeiro, and at Peking during the Boxer Rebellion.

      Bienvenu-Martin, Jean Baptiste: Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs. Born July 22, 1847; Minister Instruction, 1905; in public life since 1878.

      Doumergue, Gaston: Minister for Foreign Affairs. Born 1863; Minister Colonies, 1902–5; Commerce, 1906–7; Premier, resigning, June 2, 1914.

      Delcassé, Théophile: Minister for Foreign Affairs. Born March 1, 1852; started life as journalist; Counsellor General; Under-Secretary Colonies, 1893; Colonial Minister, 1894–5; Foreign Minister, 1898–1905; Minister Marine, 1905–13; Mediator between Spain and the United States, 1899; Ambassador, St. Petersburg, 1913; Minister Foreign Affairs, 1913. Is one of the strong men of France; in 1904 was the French negotiator of the Anglo-French Convention (the "Entene") concerning Egypt and Morocco; was sacrificed to assuage German feeling at the time of the Algeciras conference; called the "Deadly Enemy of Germany."

      Berthelot: Political Director.

      Cambon, Paul; Ambassador to Great Britain. Born January 20, 1843; Ambassador Madrid, Constantinople, and at London, 1898.

      Fleuriau, M. De: Chargé d'Affaires, London.

      De Manneville: Chargé d'Affaires, Germany. Born February 27, 1865; entered Diplomatic Service at Berlin, 1893; later at London; a Minister of the First Class in 1904.

      Paléologue, Maurice: Ambassador to Russia. Born January 13, 1859; served in Foreign Office and Diplomatic Service at Rome, Berlin, Peking, Korea, and in Bulgaria.

      Cambon, Jules: Ambassador to Germany. Born April 5, 1845; entered Diplomatic Service, 1874; Ambassador, Washington, 1897; Madrid, 1902; Berlin, 1907.

      Allizé: Minister at Munich, Germany.

      Ronssin, P.: Consul General at Frankfort, Germany.

      Dumaine, Chilhaud: Ambassador to Austria-Hungary.

      d'Apchier-le-Maugin: Consul General at Budapest.

       Bompard, Maurice: Ambassador to Turkey. Born May 17, 1854; Minister, First Class, 1898; Ambassador to Russia, 1902.

      Klokowski, Antony: Minister to Belgium. Born September 23, 1855; served at Yokohoma, Calcutta, and Bangkok.

      Boppé, Jules: Minister to Serbia. Born June 26, 1862; entered Diplomatic Service, 1890; served at Constantinople and St. Petersburg.

      Barrère, Camille: Ambassador to Italy.

      Bapst, Constant: Minister to Holland.

      Mollard, Armard: Minister to Luxemburg.

      Chevalley: Minister to Norway.

      Thiébaut, Eugene: Minister to Sweden.

      Farges: Consul General at Basle, Switzerland.

      RUSSIA

      Nicholas II: Emperor (Czar).

      Sazonof: Minister for Foreign Affairs.

      Suchomlinof, Vladimir Alexandrovitch: Minister for war. In 1890 at the age of forty-eight Suchomlinof was made a major general, and in 1904 became commander of Russia's most important military zone—Kiev. In 1909 he was appointed to the post which he has since relinquished, and the amazing rapidity with which Russia mobilized her army in August, 1914, can be accredited to the methods which he instituted. As a writer he is known as "Shpioa" (Spur), and is the biographer of Peter the Great, Frederick the Great, and Murat.

      Benckendorff, Count A.: Ambassador to Great Britain. Born in Berlin, August 1, 1849; entered Diplomatic Service, 1869; served at Rome, Vienna; Minister Copenhagen, 1897–1903; Ambassador London, 1903.

      Isvolsky, Alexander P.: Ambassador to France; was Russian negotiator of the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 regarding Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.

      Swastopoulo: Chargé d'Affaires, France.

      Swereiev, S. N.: Ambassador to Germany.

      Broniersky, A.: Chargé d'Affaires, Germany.

       Schebeko, N.: Ambassador to Austria-Hungary.

      Koudacheff, Prince Nicholas: Chargé d'Affaires, Austria-Hungary.

      Salviatti, A.: Consul General at Fiume.

      Kazansky: Acting Consul General at Prague.

      Strandtman: Chargé d'Affaires in Serbia.

      BELGIUM

      Albert: King of the Belgians.

      Davignon, M. J.: Minister for Foreign Affairs.

      Elst, van der, Baron: Secretary General.

      Renkin, J.: Colonial Minister.

      Lalaing H. de, Count: Minister to Great Britain. Entered Foreign Office, 1879; served Vienna, Bucharest, Berlin, Hague, London; Minister, Brazil, 1893; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Bucharest, 1898; Berne, 1899; London, 1903.

      Guillaume, Baron: Minister to France.

      Beyens, Baron: Minister to Germany.

      De Dudzeele, Errembault, Count: Minister to Austria-Hungary.

      De Welle, Michotte, Baron: Minister to Serbia.

      Grenier, A., Baron: Minister to Spain.

      Fallon, Baron: Minister to Holland.

      SERBIA

      Peter Karageorgevitch: King.

      Pashitch, Nikola P.: Prime Minister. In 1878, at the age of thirty-two, M. Pashitch entered the Serbian Parliament, and in three years he became leader of the "Old Radicals." Always a champion of liberty, he joined the Zayenchar Mutiny of 1883, and, of twenty-two, he alone escaped execution by flight. Upon his return he was appointed Mayor of Belgrade and in 1893 Minister to Russia, where he made a lasting impression. In 1899 he was again accused of hatching a conspiracy, but Russia served him well and intervention saved him. To him, in no slight degree, does Serbia owe Russia's friendship, and to his efforts has been