2FIGURE 1 The optical spectrum. The photobiological spectral bands of the Int...FIGURE 2 Directionality is possible because of the low divergence of a laser...FIGURE 3 Coherence. The coherent nature of laser light relates to both spati...FIGURE 4 Radiance. The light from a laser can be totally collected by a lens...FIGURE 5 A laser with an energy source, active medium, and resonant cavity....FIGURE 6 The absurdity of testing laser eye protectors to withstand kilowatt...FIGURE 7 Laser barrier curtains used to enclose a “controlled area” where la...
3 Chapter 3FIGURE 1 Water absorption spectrum between 200 nm and 200 μm.FIGURE 2 Photopic luminous efficiency function, representing the relative se...FIGURE 3 Illustration of radiometric terms and their defining variables. dΩ,...FIGURE 4 Spectral radiant exitance (W m−2 μm−1) in the optical r...FIGURE 5 Spectral irradiance from a 150 W xenon lamp (13). The irradiance is...FIGURE 6 Spectral irradiance from a 200 W mercury lamp (13). The irradiance ...FIGURE 7 Relative spectral effectiveness function S(λ) used for spectra...FIGURE 8 Comparison of the ACGIH TLV for narrowband radiation (15) with the ...FIGURE 9 ACGIH retinal hazard functions (20). Dimensionless weighting factor...FIGURE 10 Firefighters on a field training exercise wear aluminized clothing...FIGURE 11 A welder wears helmet, gloves, heavy jacket, and cap with neck dra...FIGURE 12 A welding technician neglects to wear UV‐absorptive gloves while r...
4 Chapter 4FIGURE 1 Electromagnetic spectrum https://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pu...FIGURE 2 Whole‐body average (WBA) SAR in ellipsoid models used to model a hu...FIGURE 3 (a) RF dielectric heat sealer with a long bar electrode. (b) RF hea...FIGURE 4 Measuring magnetic fields produced by a single turn RF induction he...FIGURE 5 A single tower AM radio broadcast station. These towers are often c...FIGURE 6 Tower worker positioned immediately near an FM radio broadcast ante...FIGURE 7 Determining RF exposure from a marine radar system. The antenna is ...FIGURE 8 RF burn on a finger caused by arcing from an electrical conductor s...FIGURE 9 Broadband RF field probe directly connected to a hand‐held readout ...FIGURE 10 Graphical representation of the frequency response of a frequency ...FIGURE 11 The (a) WaveControl WaveMon™ and (b) Nardalert XT™ personal RF mon...FIGURE 12 RF exposure measurements by one of the authors (Tell) near a diele...FIGURE 13 Measuring contact current when contacting a “dead” (inactive) AM r...FIGURE 14 The base of AM radio broadcast towers must be fenced by FCC rules ...FIGURE 15 (a) RF NOTICE sign; (b) RF CAUTION sign; (c) RF WARNING sign; (d) ...FIGURE 16 Graph showing the percent of the exposure limit that would be perm...FIGURE 17 Tower climber wearing an RF protective suit and hood. The hood has...
5 Chapter 5FIGURE 1 The electromagnetic spectrum.FIGURE 2 Typical magnetic field exposure profile in a 24 hour period at 50 H...
6 Chapter 6FIGURE 1 Cross‐section of the ear showing the outer (external), middle, and ...FIGURE 2 The outer or external ear.FIGURE 3 The middle ear.FIGURE 4 The inner ear.FIGURE 5 Sample medical history form.FIGURE 6 Sound level meter weighting curves.FIGURE 7 Example of molded earplugs.FIGURE 8 Example of foam‐type earplugs.FIGURE 9 Example of concha‐seated hearing protectors.FIGURE 10 Example of earmuffs.FIGURE 11 Noise pathways to the inner ear.FIGURE 12 Effective NRR when an HPD with a labeled NRR of 25 dB is not worn ...
7 Chapter 7FIGURE 1 Hyperbolic relationships between O2 concentration and exposure time...FIGURE 2 Diving fatality cases in recreational and technical divers reported...FIGURE 3 The altitude‐related fall in ambient
8 Chapter 8FIGURE 1 A simple sine wave, showing the peak, peak‐to‐peak, and root‐mean‐s...FIGURE 2 The frequency weighting for hand‐transmitted vibration from ISO 534...FIGURE 3 Orthogonal directions of vibration measurement.FIGURE 4 Three accelerometers mounted on a block, with cable tie for securin...FIGURE 5 Trade‐off between vibration magnitude and daily exposure duration s...
9 Chapter 9FIGURE 1 IR photo of the arm of a warm (a) and cooled (b) person.FIGURE 2 Schematic illustration of the relation among cold stress, strain, e...FIGURE 3 Thermal effects of slow walking (2 km h−1) for 90 minutes in ...FIGURE 4 Thermal effects on 10 subjects of light work (walking 2 km h−1...FIGURE 5 Finger temperature of three subjects during exposure to 0 °C.FIGURE 6 Average temperature of the earlobe in eight subjects during exposur...FIGURE 7 Systolic blood pressure in four seated subjects bare headed (o) and...FIGURE 8 Thermal sensation and pain experienced for different temperatures o...FIGURE 9 Avenues of heat exchange with the environment. Relevant thermal fac...FIGURE 10 International standards for assessment of cold stress.FIGURE 11 Types of cold stress and methods for their assessment.FIGURE 12 Required clothing insulation (IREQ, clo) for different activity le...FIGURE 13 (a) Recommended exposure time for low strain during moderate work ...FIGURE 14 Drop in finger temperature with time at low activity (115 W m−2...FIGURE 15 Time in seconds for fingertip skin temperature to reach 0 °C when...
10 Chapter 10FIGURE 1 NIOSH recommended heat stress alert limits (RAL) and REL. (Note: Th...FIGURE 2 Recommended heat stress exposure limits (RELs) and work regimens f...FIGURE 3 Recommended heat stress alert limits (RALs) and work regimens for ...FIGURE 4 Typical electronic, direct‐reading WBGT instruments.FIGURE 5 Urine color charts can assist workers in preventing dehydration....FIGURE 6 Example of percent recovery time for moderate work (250 W) as a fun...
11 Chapter 11FIGURE 1 Proper method of measuring moment arm during a lifting task (a), a ...FIGURE 2 Defining task asymmetry base on the sagittal line and asymmetric li...FIGURE 3 Wrist extension (a), flexion (b), radial deviation (c), and ulnar d...FIGURE 4 Shoulder flexion (a), extension (b), adduction – toward midline of ...FIGURE 5 The percentage of women in the workforce for each decade.FIGURE 6 The percentage of the workforce in each state that is considered to...FIGURE 7 Examples of exoskeletons: (a) PLAD (personal lift assist device)....FIGURE 8 Prototypes of self‐driving vehicles, (a) Ford (www.media.ford.com),...FIGURE 9 Examples of various alternative workstations, (a) sit‐stand worksta...
12 Chapter 12FIGURE 1 Fault tree diagram for industrial robots.FIGURE 2 Fishbone diagram – root cause analysis.FIGURE 3 Worker enters exclusion area while robot is energized and is crushe...FIGURE 4 Snake robot lowered through borehole, then traversing a mine floor ...FIGURE 5 Gemini Scout mine rescue robot.
13 Chapter