Ronald Wardhaugh

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics


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      38  Jaspers, J. and L. M. Madsen (2019). Fixity and fluidity in sociolinguistic theory and practice. In J. Jaspers and L. M. Madsen (eds.), Critical Perspectives on Linguistic Fixity and Fluidity: Languagised Lives. New York: Routledge.

      39 Johnstone, B. (2016). Enregisterment: How linguistic items become linked with ways of speaking. Language and Linguistics Compass 10(11): 632–643.

      40 Johnstone, B., J. Andrus, and A. E. Danielson (2006). Mobility, indexicality, and the enregisterment of ‘Pittsburghese’. Journal of English Linguistics 34(2): 77–104.

      41 Jones, T. (2015). Toward a description of African American Vernacular English dialect regions using ‘Black Twitter’. American Speech 90(4): 403–440.

      42 Jordan, P. (2018). Languages and space‐related identity: The rise and fall of Serbo‐Croatian. In Stanley D. Brunn and Roland Kehrein (eds.), Handbook of the Changing World Language Map. Cham: Springer, 1–21.

      43 Kallmeyer, Werner and Inken Keim (2003). Linguistic variation and the construction of social identity in a German‐Turkish setting. In J. K. Androutsopoulos and A. Georgakopoulou (eds.), Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities. Pragmatics & Beyond, vol. 110. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 29–36.

      44 Kaye, A. S. (2001). Diglossia: The state of the art. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 152: 117–130.

      45 Keim, I. (1978). Gastarbeiterdeutsch: Untersuchungen zum sprachlichen Verhalten türkischer Gastarbeiter: Pilotstudie, vol. 41. TBL Verlag Narr.

      46 King, R. D. (2001). The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150: 43–60.

      47 Kopp, A. (1999). The Phonology of Pennsylvania German English as Evidence of Language Maintenance and Shift. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press.

      48 Kurath, H. (1949). A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

      49 Kurpaska, M. (2010). Chinese Languages(s): A Look through the Prism of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects. Berlin: De Gruyter.

      50 Labov, W. (1969). Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45: 715–762.

      51 Labov, W. (1972). Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

      52 Laineste, L. and P. Voolaid (2017). Laughing across borders: Intertextuality of internet memes. European Journal of Humour Research 4(4): 26–49.

      53 Lee, D. Y. (2001). Genres, registers, text types, domains and styles: Clarifying the concepts and navigating a path through the BNC jungle. Language Learning and Technology 5(3): 37–72.

      54 Leppänen, S., S. Kytölä, H, Jousmäki, S. Peuronen, and E. Westinen (2014). Entextualization and resemiotization as resources for identification in social media. In P. Seargeant and C. Tagg (eds.), The Language of Social Media: Identity and Community on the Internet. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 112–136.

      55 Linnes, K. (1998). Middle‐class AAVE versus middle‐class bilingualism: Contrasting speech communities. American Speech 73(4): 339–367.

      56 Lippi‐Green, Rosina (2012). English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.

      57  Mallikarjun, B. (2002). Mother tongues of India according to the 1961 census. Language in India, 2(5). http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html?source=post_page‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐, accessed January 20, 2020.

      58 Matsuda, M. J. (1991). Voice of America: Accent, antidiscrimination law, and a jurisprudence for the last reconstruction. Yale Law Journal 100: 1329–1407.

      59 McDavid, R. I. (1965). American social dialects. College English 26: 254–260.

      60 Milroy, J. (2001). Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(4): 530–555.

      61 Montgomery, M. and J. M. Fuller (1996). What was verbal ‐s in 19th century African American English? Focus on the USA 16: 211.

      62 Montgomery, M., J. M. Fuller, and S. DeMarse (1993). ‘The black men has wives and sweet harts [and third person plural‐s] jest like the white men’: Evidence for verbal ‐s from written documents on 19th‐century African American speech. Language Variation and Change 5(3): 335–357.

      63 Mufwene, S. S. (2014). The English origins of African American Vernacular English. In Sarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber, and Alexander Kautzsch (eds.), The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 349.

      64 Mugglestone, L. (1995). ‘Talking Proper’: The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

      65 Pfaff, C. W. (1980). Acquisition and development of ‘Gastarbeiterdeutsch’ by migrant workers and their children in Germany. In E. C. Traugott, R. Labrum, and S. C. Shepherd (eds.), Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 381–439.

      66 Piata, A. (2016). When metaphor becomes a joke: Metaphor journeys from political ads to internet memes. Journal of Pragmatics 106: 39–56.

      67 Pinker, S. (2012). False fronts in the language wars: Why New Yorker writers and others keep pushing bogus controversies. Slate, May 31. https://slate.com/author/steven‐pinker

      68 Poplack, S. and S. Tagliamonte (1989). There’s no tense like the present: Verbal ‐s inflection in early Black English. Language Variation and Change 1(1): 47–84.

      69 Poplack, S. and S. Tagliamonte (1991). African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old‐line Nova Scotians. Language Variation and Change 3(3): 301–339.

      70 Poplack, S. and S. Tagliamonte (2005). Back to the present: Verbal ‐s in the (African American) English diaspora. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Transported Dialects: Legacies of Non‐Standard Colonial English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203–223.

      71 Rey Agudo, R. (2019). There is nothing wrong with Julián Castro’s Spanish. New York Times, July 27. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/27/opinion/sunday/julian‐castro‐spanish.html

      72 Rickford, J. R. (1977). The question of prior creolization in Black English. In A. Valdman (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

      73 Rickford, J. R. (1997). Prior creolization of African‐American Vernacular English? Sociohistorical and textual evidence from the 17th and 18th centuries. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1(3): 315–336.

      74 Rickford, J. R. (1999). African American Vernacular English. Oxford: Blackwell.

      75 Rickford, J. R., A. Ball, R. Blake, R. Jackson, and N. Martin (1991). Rappin on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African‐American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change 3(1): 103–132.

      76  Rickford, J. R. and S. King (2016). Language and linguistics on trial: Hearing Rachel Jeantel (and other vernacular speakers) in the courtroom and beyond. Language 92(4): 948–988.

      77 Rickford, J. R., J. Sweetland, A. E. Rickford, and T. Grano (2012). African American, Creole, and Other Vernacular Englishes in Education: A Bibliographic Resource. New York: Routledge.

      78 Rosa, J. D. (2016). Standardization, racialization, languagelessness: Raciolinguistic ideologies across communicative contexts. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 26(2): 162–183.

      79 Rosa, J. and N. Flores (2017). Unsettling