18 Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 82.
19 Barbara Johnson, “My Monster/My Self,” Diacritics 12 (1982): 8.
20 From the author’s introduction, Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, xxxi.
21 Bakhtin, op. cit., 348.
22 I.M. Lotman, “On the Reduction and Unfolding of Sign Systems,” in Semiotics and Structuralism: Readings from the Soviet Union, ed. Henryk Baran (White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press, Inc., 1976), 302.
23 Bakhtin, op. cit., 345, 347.
24 All of these works figured prominently in Godwin’s scheme of education for his children, but Goethe’s Werther carried especially deep emotional resonance for the Godwin family because William was reading it at the time of Wollstonecraft’s death.
25 Regular visitors to the Godwin household included William Wordsworth, Charles Lamb, S.T. Coleridge, William Hazlitt, Thomas Holcroft, Joseph Johnson, Samuel Rogers, John Flaxman, J.M.W. Turner, Maria Edgeworth, Helen Maria Williams, and Charlotte Smith.
26 Mellor, op. cit., 39.
27 Sigmund Freud, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety (1926) in The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: The Hogarth Press, 1953–1974), Vol. XX, 136–137.
28 John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, Separation: Anxiety and Anger (New York: Basic Books, 1973), Vol. II, 4–5.
29 William Veeder, Mary Shelley and Frankenstein—The Fate of Androgyny (Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1986).
30 See Chapter Six, “Deaths by Land and Sea,” in Robert Gittings and Jo Manton, Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys, 1798–1879 (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992), 66–73.
31 Holquist, op. cit., p. 83.
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