irrigation and remote monitoring and controlling. Architecture of this system has basically three layers: sensing layer, processing layer, and application layer. Sensing layer deals with functionalities of different sensors such as soil moisture sensor and water level sensor that receive information from surrounding and pass to its cluster head. Such received information transfer from cluster head to remote server for further processing and analytics will be done at different application sides on such processed data to get the ultimate result. Such analytics results decide what should be the next step to follow and accordingly sends signal to/stop signal from actuators (e.g., water pump motor) to actuate (start/stop).
Figure 1.7 Future smart farm [28].
✓ In other agriculture domains, IoT applications such as environment monitoring systems will sense the environmental data such as level of carbon dioxide, level of nitrogen, and level of oxygen in the surroundings and alert if it goes beyond the lower level. At this time, it checks crop-based requirements accordingly and informs the remotely existed farmer community so that they can take action accordingly.
✓ In automated seed sowing systems, there are sensor mounted tractors that can monitor the shift of the tractor and accordingly dig soil and another sensor pushes seed into the soil. So, using such sensor-based sowing automation, the farmer community can get proper inline and depth seed sowing that can be easily maintained during its production phase and thereby increasing the overall production of the related crop.
✓ Soil fertility monitoring systems will basically consist of different sensors that can sense different micronutrients from soil. In its processing part, it compares with related crop ideal requirements, and if a gap is found beyond threshold, it sends an alert to a remotely existing famer on his smart device.
So, by utilizing IoT applications in the agriculture domain, specifically at farm level as mentioned by above various IoT-based applications, our traditional farm can act as a Smart Farm that helps the farmer community to increase crop production quality and quantity and thereby achieve their overall goal of profit making with less sweat.
Conclusion
This chapter explains the Introduction of IoT and its basics. It covers Technological Evolution and Associate Technology such as IoT network and communication protocols. In the voyage of this chapter, it also explains the “Interoperability” as a solution of the serious issue of heterogeneity in IoT. This chapter moreover discusses some practical aspects in IoT programming using Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Python programming language. It also explains IoT applications with a splendidly useful application of IoT in the agriculture domain such as “Smart Farm”. The main aim of this chapter is to draw attention and interest of the reader toward the IoT domain and induce him/her toward this domain which may result into innovative ideas in this domain.
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