InTech.
91 Peddis, D., Laureti, S., Mansilla, M.V. et al. (2009). Exchange bias in CoFe2O4/NiO nanocomposites. Superlattices and Microstructures 46: 125–219.
92 Reeves, D.B. and Weaver, J.B. (2014). Approaches for modeling magnetic nanoparticle dynamics. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 42 (1): 85–93.
93 Riviere, C., Roux, S., Tillement, O. et al. (2006). Nanosystems for medical applications: biological detection, drug delivery, diagnostic and therapy. Annales de Chimie. Science des Materiaux (Paris) 31 (3): 351–367.
94 Rosensweig, R.E. (1985). Ferrohydrodynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
95 Rosensweig, R.E. (2002). Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 252: 370–374.
96 Sayhi, M., Ouerghi, O., Belgacem, K. et al. (2018). Electrochemical detection of influenza virus H9N2 based on both immunomagnetic extraction and gold catalysis using an immobilization‐free screen printed carbon microelectrode. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 107: 170–177.
97 Saylan, Y., Erdem, O., Ünal, S., and Denizli, A. (2019). An alternative medical diagnosis method: biosensors for virus detection. Biosensors 9: 65.
98 Shan, Z., Wu, Q., Wang, X. et al. (2010). Bacteria capture, lysate clearance, and plasmid DNA extraction using pH‐sensitive multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles. Analytical Biochemistry 398 (1): 120–122.
99 Shokrollahi, H., Khorramdin, A., and Isapour, G. (2014). Magnetic resonance imaging by using nano‐magnetic particles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 369 (11): 176–183.
100 Smit, J. and Wijin, H.P.J. (1961). Les Ferites. Paris: Bibl. Tehn. Philips.
101 Sun, C., Lee, J.S., and Zhang, M.Q. (2008). Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60 (11): 1252–1265.
102 Sung, H.W.F. and Rudowicz, C. (2003). Physics behind the magnetic hysteresis loop – a survey of misconceptions in magnetism literature. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 260 (1–2): 250–260.
103 Vargas, J., Lima, E. Jr., Zysler, R. et al. (2008). Effective anisotropy field variation of magnetite nanoparticles with size reduction. European Physical Journal B 64: 211.
104 Vassiliou, J.K., Mehrotra, V., Russell, M.W., and Giannelis, E.P. (1993). Magnetic and optical properties of γ‐Fe2O3 nanocrystals. Journal of Applied Physics 73: 5109–5116.
105 Veiseh, O., Gunn, J.W., Kievit, F.M. et al. (2009). Inhibition of tumor‐cell invasion with chlorotoxin‐bound superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Small (Weinheim and der Bergstrasse Germany) 5 (2): 256–264.
106 Vonsovskii, S.V. (1974). Magnetism. New York: Wiley.
107 Wells, J., Kazakova, O., Posth, O. et al. (2017). Standardisation of magnetic nanoparticles in liquid suspension. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50: 383003.
108 White, M.A., Johnson, J.A., Koberstein, J.T., and Turro, N.J. (2006). Toward the syntheses of universal ligands for metal oxide surfaces: controlling surface functionality through click chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 (35): 11356–11357.
109 Wijn, H.P.J. (1986). Magnetic proprieties of metals. In: Landolt‐Börnstein, vol. III/19a. Heidelberg: Springer‐Verlag.
110 Wu, K., Tu, L., Su, D., and Wang, J.P. (2017). Magnetic dynamics of ferrofluids: mathematical models and experimental investigations. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50 (8): 085005.
111 Xu, C. and Sun, S. (2012). New forms of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.008.
112 Yamauchi, J. (2008). Fundamentals of magnetism. In: Nitroxides: Applications in Chemistry, Biomedicine, and Materials Science (eds. G.I. Likhtenshtein, J. Yamauchi, S. Nakatsuji, et al.). Wiley.
113 Zhang, L., Papaefthymiou, G.C., Ziolo, R.F., and Ying, J.Y. (1997). Novel γ‐Fe2O3/SiO2 magnetic nanocomposites via sol‐gel matrix‐mediated synthesis. Nano Structured Materials 9: 185–188.
2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine
Gabriela Fabiola Ştiufiuc1, Cristian Iacoviță2, Valentin Toma3, Rareș Ionuț Ştiufiuc2,3, Romulus Tetean1, and Constantin Mihai Lucaciu2
1 Faculty of Physics, “Babeș‐Bolyai” University, Cluj‐Napoca, Romania
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Physics and Biophysics, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj‐Napoca, Romania
3 MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj‐Napoca, Romania
2.1 Introduction
Magnetic materials are in the limelight of modern nanotechnological applications. Over the last decades, a tendency of miniaturization has been observed for different types of magnetic materials, which can be understood from the point of view of their size‐dependent properties. The advancements in the field of nanotechnology have shown that Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) display completely different properties as compared to those of bulk materials. By reducing their size to values of the order of their single‐domain dimension (~20 nm) or even lower, the MNPs, which at room temperature can exhibit a ferro‐ or ferri‐magnetic behavior, become superparamagnetic (SP). In other words, the reduction of their size can be used for modulating their physical properties by diminishing the magnetic interaction manifesting between them. This finding represented a very good starting point, in terms of the applicability of MNPs in nanomedicine.
On the other hand, nanomedicine is a research topic that has seen a tremendous development in recent years. Basically, nanomedicine can be defined as the use of nanomaterials/nanostructures in medical applications. Several nanoformulations have been tested so far for such applications. Among them, the inorganic nanoparticles and, more precisely, the MNPs proved to possess numerous benefits over conventional medicines, making them valuable candidates in various fields of biomedical applications (Martins et al. 2020). As a direct consequence of their high versatility, the MNPs were proposed for numerous applications. However, a complete and comprehensive classification of these applications is not a very easy task. Over the years, three major types of MNPs applications in biomedicine have emerged: diagnosis, therapy, and targeting. By either functionalizing their surface with biomolecular components or by creating hybrid nanoformulations, in combination with polymers, fluoro‐phores, liposomes, plasmonic, or silica shells, the MNPs gain multiplexing capabilities. Among numerous research groups that have performed extensive research in this area (Salgueiriño‐Maceira et al. 2006; Arruebo et al. 2007; Colombo et al. 2012), our research group reported in 2019 the successful synthesis of multifunctional magneto‐plasmonic nanoliposomes that could be employed in target drug delivery applications. Their synthesis was based on the synergistic use of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, acting between the three major components involved in the synthesis of the multifunctional nanohybrids: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), cationic liposomes and anionic plasmonic nanoparticles (Stiufiuc et al. 2015, 2019). This is a direct proof of the fact that such hybrid multifunctional nanosystems, possessing desired physico‐chemical properties, can be successfully created for a specific application.
There are many potential bioapplications involving nanoplatforms containing MNPs but only a few were translated to clinical applications. At the time of writing this chapter, according to the website http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, 22 clinical trials are in progress in the