Making Sense of AI. Anthony Elliott

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Making Sense of AI

      Our Algorithmic World

      Anthony Elliott

      polity

Copyright Page

      Copyright © Anthony Elliott 2022

      The right of Anthony Elliott to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      First published in 2022 by Polity Press

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      ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4889-7

      ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4890-3 (pb)

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Elliott, Anthony, 1964- author.

      Title: Making sense of AI : our algorithmic world / Anthony Elliott.

      Description: Medford, MA : Polity Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: "An expert and essential introduction to AI in the modern world"-- Provided by publisher.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2021014427 (print) | LCCN 2021014428 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509548897 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509548903 (paperback) | ISBN 9781509548910 (epub) | ISBN 9781509550845 (pdf)

      Subjects: LCSH: Artificial intelligence--Social aspects. | Change. | Civilization, Modern--21st century.

      Classification: LCC Q335 .E375 2021 (print) | LCC Q335 (ebook) | DDC 006.3--dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021014427

      LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021014428

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Preface

      This book develops central debates and issues first set out in my previous work, The Culture of AI (2019). That book documented the spread of the AI revolution as consisting of massive changes in the here-and-now of everyday life. Building upon those ideas, I focus here on how this transformation also involves the systematic phenomenon of advanced automation across modern institutions, which is profoundly impacting contemporary societies in many significant ways. Drawing technology, economy and society together in a reflective configuration, I seek throughout this book to develop an analysis of the complex AI systems which ‘rewrite’ people’s lives. Both the complex systems associated with AI and the distinctive ‘human–machine interfaces’ it produces, I argue, bring into existence automated intelligent agents powerfully transforming both public and private life.

Some research reported in this book was supported by the Australian Research Council grants ‘Industry 4.0 Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis of Work–Life Transformation’ (DP180101816) and ‘Enhanced Humans, Robotics and the Future of Work’ (DP160100979). Other research not explicitly detailed, but upon which I draw implicitly in the argumentation of the book, includes my recent European Commission Erasmus+ grants ‘Discourses on European Union 14.0 Innovation’ (611183-EPP-1-2019-1-AU-EPPJMO-PROJECT) and Jean Monnet Network ‘Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility’ (599662-EPP-1-2018-1-AU-EPPJMO-NETWORK). Many thanks to the funding agencies which have supported this research. Huge thanks to my wonderful colleagues at the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence at the University of South Australia, especially Louis Everuss and Eric Hsu. Ross Boyd assisted with the preparation of the manuscript, and was marvellously helpful in making many suggestions that I was able to directly incorporate into the text. At Keio University in Japan, where I regularly visit as part of the Super-Global Program, my thanks as ever to Atsushi Sawai. At University College Dublin, where I also regularly visit, my thanks to Iarfhlaith Watson and Patricia Maguire.

      I am very grateful for discussions on various themes with many colleagues who have helped me, directly or indirectly, in the development of my thinking on AI. These include Tony Giddens, Nigel Thrift, Helga Nowotny, Massimo Durante, Vincent Müller, Toby Walsh, Masataka Katagiri, Ralf Blomqvist, Rina Yamamoto, Takeshi Deguchi, Ingrid Biese, Bo-Magnus Salenius, Hideki Endo, Robert J. Holton, Thomas Birtchnell, Charles Lemert, Ingrid Biese, Peter Beilharz, Sven Kesselring, John Cash, Nick Stevenson, Anthony Moran, Caoimhe Elliott, Oscar Elliott, Mike Innes, Kriss McKie, Fiore Inglese, Niamh Elliott, Oliver Toth, Nigel Relph and Gerhard Boomgaarden. John Thompson, my editor at Polity, offered substantive comments that helped transform the book, and it is wonderful to be working with him again. Many thanks also to Julia Davies at Polity. I should like to thank Fiona Sewell for her careful copy-editing. Finally, Nicola Geraghty heard everything in this book first and half-raw, and her support as always made all the difference.

       Anthony Elliott

       Adelaide, 2021

1 The Origins of Artificial Intelligence

In this chapter, I shall not attempt to develop anything like a comprehensive account of the development or current state of artificial intelligence (AI). Since I want to situate my discussion in this chapter and the next in the context of changing relations between society and technology, I will concentrate mainly, although not wholly, on tracing AI through a range of common uses, divergent histories, economic interests and power structures. AI, at once a specialist field and global industry, is often presented as immutable or inevitable. But AI is plural and pluralizing, woven of a whole tissue of different cultural conversations, social practices and technological assemblages. To say this does not mean ignoring the technical knowledge which underpins AI, or placing the whole weight of emphasis upon the social,