3.16 Examples of airfoil design.Figure 3.17 NACA airfoils (NACA data).Figure 3.18 Effect of pressure disturbances on airflow around an airfoil.Figure 3.19 Velocity changes around an airfoil.Figure 3.20 Static pressure on an airfoil (a) at zero AOA, and (b) at a posi...Figure 3.21 Components of aerodynamic force.Figure 3.22 Pressure forces on (a) nonrotating cylinder and (b) rotating cyl...Figure 3.23 Pitching moments on a symmetrical airfoil (a) at zero AOA and (b...Figure 3.24 Pitching moments on a cambered airfoil: (a) zero lift, (b) devel...Figure 3.25 Flaps extended pitching moments.Figure 3.26 Beech 1900D pitch control system.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Pressure distribution on an airfoil with AOA.Figure 4.2 Critical angle of attack, stall, and angle of attack indications....Figure 4.3 Boundary layer composition.Figure 4.4 Laminar boundary layer.Figure 4.5 Turbulent boundary layer.Figure 4.6 Laminar and turbulent velocity profiles.Figure 4.7 Reynolds number effect on airflow on a smooth flat plate.Figure 4.8 Adverse pressure gradient.Figure 4.9 Airflow separation velocity profiles.Figure 4.10 Sphere wake drag: (a) smooth sphere, (b) rough sphere.Figure 4.11 Critical angle of attack and stall.Figure 4.12 CL vs. AOA for a symmetrical airfoil.Figure 4.13 CL vs. AOA for a cambered airfoil.Figure 4.14 Thickness effect.Figure 4.15 Camber effect.Figure 4.16 High‐CL devices.Figure 4.17 Common leading edge high‐CL devices.Figure 4.18 Effect of a camber changer on the CL–α curve.Figure 4.19 Micro‐vortex generators.Figure 4.20 Fixed slot at (a) low AOA and (b) high AOA.Figure 4.21 Effect of an energy adder on the CL–α curve.Figure 4.22 Effect of ice and frost on wings.Figure 4.23 Forces in a banked turn.Figure 4.24 Force vectors during a stabilized climb.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Wing planform examples.Figure 5.2 Wing planform terminology.Figure 5.3 Aspect ratio.Figure 5.4 Wingtip vortices.Figure 5.5 Airflow about an infinite wing.Figure 5.6 Vertical velocity vectors of an infinite wing.Figure 5.7 Vertical velocity vectors of a finite wing.Figure 5.8 Airflow about a finite wing.Figure 5.9 Relative wind and force vectors on a finite wing.Figure 5.10 Induced drag versus velocity.Figure 5.11 Wingtip vortex at altitude versus near the ground.Figure 5.12 Downwash at altitude versus near the ground.Figure 5.13 Tr and CL curves in ground effect.Figure 5.14 Ground effect.Figure 5.15 Comparison of drag characteristics of conventional and laminar f...Figure 5.16 Microscopic surface of a wing.Figure 5.17 Form drag.Figure 5.18 Interference drag at the wing root.Figure 5.19 Parasite drag–airspeed curve.Figure 5.20 CL vs. AOA and CD vs. AOA.Figure 5.21 Drag vector diagram.Figure 5.22 Total drag curve.Figure 5.23 L/DMax.Figure 5.24 Typical lift‐to‐drag ratios.Figure 5.25 Wingtip vortex reduction methods.Figure 5.26 Winglets.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Aircraft in equilibrium flight.Figure 6.2 Turbojet engine.Figure 6.3 Turbofan engine.Figure 6.4 Dual‐spool axial‐flow compressor.Figure 6.5 Jet engine compressor stall.Figure 6.6 T‐38 drag curve.Figure 6.7 T‐38 thrust required.Figure 6.8 Engine thrust schematic.Figure 6.9 Propulsion efficiency.Figure 6.10 Variation of thrust with rpm.Figure 6.11 Typical jet acceleration times.Figure 6.12 T‐38 installed thrust.Figure 6.13 T‐38 thrust variation with altitude.Figure 6.14 T‐38 ct–rpm.Figure 6.15 T‐38 ct–altitude.Figure 6.16 T‐38 fuel flow–altitude.Figure 6.17 T‐38 thrust available–thrust required.Figure 6.18 Forces acting on a climbing aircraft.Figure 6.19 Velocity for maximum climb angle.Figure 6.20 Wind effect on climb angle to the ground.Figure 6.21 Obstacle clearance for jet takeoff.Figure 6.22 Climb angle and rate of climb.Figure 6.23 Rate of climb velocity vector.Figure 6.24 Velocity for maximum rate of climb.Figure 6.25 Finding maximum endurance velocity.Figure 6.26 Finding the maximum specific range velocity.Figure 6.27 Wind effect on specific range.Figure 6.28 Total range calculation.Figure 6.29 Effect of weight change on induced drag.Figure 6.30 Effect of weight change on the Tr curve.Figure 6.31 Effect of weight change on specific range.Figure 6.32 Effect of configuration on parasite drag.Figure 6.33 Effect of configuration on the Tr curve.Figure 6.34 Effect of altitude on Tr and Ta, curves.Figure 6.35 Range improvement using cruise–climb.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Airfoil sections of a propeller blade.Figure 7.2 Propeller tip speed versus propeller hub.Figure 7.3 Propeller blade angle.Figure 7.4 Geometric pitch versus effective pitch.Figure 7.5 Blade angle in flight.Figure 7.6 Various blade angle ranges.Figure 7.7 Thrust from a propeller.Figure 7.8 Propeller pitch angle configurations.Figure 7.9 Propeller range positions.Figure 7.10 (a) Thrust‐required and (b) power‐required curves.Figure 7.11 Power required.Figure 7.12 Power available curve.Figure 7.13 Power required and power available.Figure 7.14 Fixed‐shaft turboprop engine.Figure 7.15 Split shaft/free turbine engine.Figure 7.16 Turbocharged engine.Figure 7.17 Forces on a climbing aircraft.Figure 7.18 Thrust versus climb angle.Figure 7.19 Climb angle versus velocity.Figure 7.20 Comparison of maximum AOC between jet and propeller airplanes....Figure 7.21 Rate of climb velocity vector.Figure 7.22 Comparison of maximum ROC between jet and propeller airplanes....Figure 7.23 Finding the maximum rate of climb.Figure 7.24 Finding the maximum endurance and range.Figure 7.25 Effect of wind on range.Figure 7.26 Effect of weight change on a Pr curve.Figure 7.27 Effect of weight change on specific range.Figure 7.28 Effect of configuration on the Pr curve.Figure 7.29 Effect of altitude on a Pr curve.Figure 7.30 VX versus VY with altitude.Figure 7.31 Effect of altitude on specific range.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Takeoff distance graph.Figure 8.2 Normal takeoff and climb.Figure 8.3 Crosswind takeoff.Figure 8.4 Short‐field takeoff.Figure 8.5 Soft‐field takeoff.Figure 8.6 Water drag and propeller thrust on takeoff.Figure 8.7 Hydrodynamic lift while on the step.Figure 8.8 Premature takeoff.Figure 8.9 Accelerate‐stop distance, accelerate‐go distance, and climb gradi...Figure 8.10 Balanced field length.Figure 8.11 Single‐engine velocity–distance profiles.Figure 8.12 Multi‐engine velocity–distance profiles.Figure 8.13 FAR takeoff field length.Figure 8.14 RTO and tire failure.Figure 8.15 Performance chart examples.Figure 8.16 Jet takeoff and departure profile.Figure 8.17 Segmented one‐engine climb graph.Figure 8.18 Forces on an airplane during takeoff.Figure 8.19 Effect of wind on takeoff.Figure 8.20 Takeoff distance chart with runway surface adjustment.Figure 8.21 U.S. Chart Supplement information.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Landing distance graph.Figure 9.2 Forces in equilibrium.Figure 9.3 Forces acting in a power‐off glide.Figure 9.4 Glide ratio vector diagram.Figure 9.5 Jet approach and landing profile.Figure 9.6 FAR landing field length required.Figure 9.7 Stabilized approach for a jet aircraft.Figure 9.8 Approach glide paths.Figure 9.9 Approach glide path views from the flight deck.Figure 9.10 Lift from (a) propellers and (b) turbojets.Figure 9.11 Coefficient of lift comparison for flap extended and retracted p...Figure 9.12 Effect of flaps on final approach.Figure 9.13 Changing angle of attack during landing.Figure 9.14 Improper drift correction.Figure 9.15 Sideslip during crosswind.Figure 9.16 Short‐field approach and landing over an obstacle.Figure 9.17 Soft/rough‐field approach and landing.Figure 9.18 High