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Diagnostics and Therapy in Veterinary Dermatology


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Eosinophil Hypersensitivity reactions, vasodilation, chemotaxis, inflammation Dermis IL‐3, IL‐5, IL‐8, IL‐10, leukotrienes, GM‐CSF, hydrolases Fc receptor Neutrophil Innate immunity, phagocytosis Dermis ROS, proteolytic enzymes TLRs, lectin receptor, mannose receptor M1 macrophage Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, bactericidal activity Dermis IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF, iNOS JAK1, JAK2, STAT1, STAT2 M2 macrophage Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, regenerative effects Dermis IL‐10, TGF, arginase‐1 JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, STAT6 ILC (Innate lymphoid cell) Innate immunity Dermis IL‐1, IL‐23, IL‐25, IL‐33, TSLP Id2, T‐bet, GATA 3, ROR Both innate and adaptive γ/δ T cell Elimination of intracellular microorganisms and infected cells; cell death Dermis IL‐17, IFN MHC‐ I Natural killer cell Innate immunity against viruses and intracellular bacteria Dermis IFN, GM‐CSF, IL‐3 MHC‐I Natural killer T cell Elimination of lipid antigens Dermis IL‐4, IL‐17, IL‐22, IFN MHC‐1 Adaptive B lymphocyte Humoral response Dermis IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐11, IL‐13, TNF, BAFF Antibodies T‐helper lymphocyte Coordinates immune function Dermis Various depending on the type of T‐helper cell Various depending on the type of T‐helper cell T‐cytotoxic lymphocyte Elimination of intracellular microorganisms and infected cells Dermis IFN Perforin, granzyme, granulysin T‐regulatory lymphocytes Control of immune response Dermis IL‐10, TGF FoxP3, STAT5

      Key: AMP, antimicrobial peptides; AP, activator protein; BAFF, B‐cell activating factor; CCL, chemokine ligand; FoxP3, forkhead box P3 protein; GATA, transcription factor; G‐CSF, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor; GM‐CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; Id2, DNA binding protein inhibitor 2; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JAK, Janus kinase; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cell; NF‐kB, nuclear factor kappa B; ROR, retinoic acid‐related orphan receptors; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; T‐bet, T box transcription factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TLR, Toll‐like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

Schematic illustration of innate skin immune system.

      The skin is a complex organ composed of an outermost layer, the epidermis; a middle layer, the dermis and cutaneous appendages; and an inner layer, the subcutis. Immune cells and inflammatory mediators are active in all these layers. It is important to understand that immune cells and inflammatory mediators are extremely interconnected and work in concert, as opposed to having isolated effects. If we compare the two branches of the immune system to an army, the innate immune system would be the entrenched peacekeeping force while the adaptive immune system would be the cavalry called in as reinforcements. By constantly communicating via cytokines and chemokines, they work together as one system to protect the host.

      The major physical defense of the skin is the stratum corneum. This outermost layer continuously sheds into the environment, taking pathogens along with it. In addition to keratinocyte exfoliation, compounds present in the intercellular lipid cement create an environment unfavorable to pathogen invasion. These compounds include sodium chloride, albumin, complement components, transferrin, interferons, lipids, and antibodies donated by the adaptive immune system.