Ensemble surface measures as indicators of ensemble surface features...Figure 7.12 A 3D morphospace of ensemble surface measures of valve formation for...Figure 7.13 A 3D morphospace of ensemble surface measures of valve formation for...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Top row: A non-buckled (a) and buckled (b) microtubule filament or bu...Figure 8.2 (a) Ray tracing valve formation on the valve face from annulus to mar...Figure 8.3 From left to right, centric diatom 3D surface models of Actinoptychus...Figure 8.4 Change in tangent lines and planes during valve formation indicate th...Figure 8.5 Plots of Actinoptychus, Arachnoidiscus, and Cyclotella buckling durin...Figure 8.6 The Jacobian determinant as the coefficient of deformation during val...Figure 8.7 Strain rate tensor deformation for Actinoptychus, Arachnoidiscus, and...Figure 8.8 Combined strain rate tensor deformation for Actinoptychus, Arachnoidi...Figure 8.9 Upper Hessenberg matrix eigenvalues for Actinoptychus, Arachnoidiscus...Figure 8.10 Non-buckling (blue curve) and buckling (orange curve) for Actinoptyc...Figure 8.11 Upper Hessenberg matrices for all taxa based on the Jacobian (a) and...Figure 8.12 Multiscale buckling with respect to association of valve surface, mi...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Centric diatom schematic with valve profile. Axial load at the point ...Figure 9.2 Various potential valve profiles undergoing buckling.Figure 9.3 Measurement of buckling forces with respect to two fixed points along...Figure 9.4 Least-squares polynomial curve fits of six profiles. In the x-directi...Figure 9.5 Tracings of diatom profiles after those depicted in Figures 26a–e fro...Figure 9.6 Curve fit of a sixth-order polynomial in Cartesian coordinates to the...Figure 9.7 Plot of approximately constant profile length from six polynomial lea...Figure 9.8 Valve profile buckling forces at the valve mantle ordered from lowest...Figure 9.9 Plot of size reduction step during diatom vegetative reproduction usi...Figure 9.10 Plot of valve profile versus buckling force representing Figure 9.4 ...
10 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Generalized concept of centric and pennate frustule morphotypes amon...Figure 12.2 Silica valves of different diatoms in light microscopy. Micrographs ...Figure 12.3 (a) Morphotypes, habitats and lifestyles of centric diatoms. Centric...Figure 12.4 Variation of PAR attenuation in diatom dominated environments. In th...Figure 12.5 Example of frustule structural variation in centric and pennate diat...Figure 12.6 Permanent preparation diatom slide in dark field microscopy. (a) Mos...Figure 12.7 Chord diagram of studied optical properties of diatom frustules. Lef...
11 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The diversity of biomineralization across the eukaryotes .... with c...Figure 13.2 Light and fluorescence microscopy images of Ulnaria ferefusiformis c...Figure 13.3 Melted silica gel (left) and siliceous diatom frustules (right). Sca...Figure 13.4 Initial 2D stage of valve morphogenesis of the diatom Ulnaria ferefu...Figure 13.5 Typical structure of silaffin chain.Figure 13.6 3D confocal images of siliceous valves of Ulnaria ferefusiformis. Th...Figure 13.7 Condensation of silica nanoparticles under the action of decrease of...Figure 13.8 Proposal for two forms of artificial SDVs (silica deposition vesicle...Figure 13.9 Proposed hierarchical genetic model controlling the synthesis of the...
12 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Lateral valves of A. islandica after cytochalasin D exposure (laser ...Figure 14.2 The structure of girdle bands on the valves of normal (a) and colchi...Figure 14.3 Valve ultrastructure in normal (a–c) and paclitaxel-treated (d–g) E....Figure 14.4 Influence of inhibitors with different mechanisms of action on valve...
13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Schematic structure of native silaffin-1A1 from C. fusiformis. Catio...Figure 15.2 SN2-like mechanism of silicic acid polycondensation.Figure 15.3 Monomeric silicic acid incorporation on the surface of a silica part...Figure 15.4 Dependence of silicic acid polymerization on solution pH.Figure 15.5 Dependence of silicic acid polymerization on temperature.Figure 15.6 Schematic chemical structures of cationic silicic acid stabilizers. ...Figure 15.7 Ability of cationic polymers to stabilize silicic acid (initial conc...Figure 15.8 Schematic chemical structures of neutral (uncharged) silicic acid st...Figure 15.9 Ability of neutral (uncharged) polymers to stabilize silicic acid (i...Figure 15.10 Schematic chemical structures of zwitterionic silicic acid stabiliz...Figure 15.11 Ability of zwitterionic polymers to stabilize silicic acid (initial...Figure 15.12 Schematic chemical structures of anionic polymers used in blends of...Figure 15.13 Ability of blends of cationic and anionic polymers to stabilize sil...Figure 15.14 Stabilizing interactions of silicic acid with neutral moieties (in ...
14 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 (a) SEM illustrates the muliscalar porosity appearing in valve view ...Figure 16.2 (a) Diagram showing the frustule structure of a centric frustule on ...Figure 16.3 (a) SEM of the external valve face of the raphid pennate diatom Nitz...Figure 16.4 A schematic diagram representing the loculate areolae (a) and puncta...Figure 16.5 A transmission electron micrograph (TEM) showing a cross section thr...Figure 16.6 Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showing different typ...Figure 16.7 Some examples of non-spherical mesoporous silica structures. Adapted...Figure 16.8 Different applications of mesoporous silica. From [16.80] under a Cr...Figure 16.9 Two TEMs for a comparison between (a) synthetic MSMs with diameter 2...Figure 16.10 A schematic diagram of the concept of engineering diatom ultrastruc...
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 A summary of the major tools used to study diatom frustule morphology ...
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 List of species considered and thumbnail, masked image examples for al...Table 2.2 Valve formation simulation for eight centric diatom taxa and character...
3 Chapter 6Table 6.1 The comparison of the bare hand measurements of 2D lattice parameters,...Table 6.2 The comparison of the bare hand measurements of 2D lattice parameters...Table 6.3 The comparison of the bare hand measurements of 2D lattice parameters...Table 6.4 The lattice parameters and lattice types found in some of the studied ...Table 6.5 A comparison between different 2D group arrays within the same microg...
4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Terms with parameters and coefficients of the z-equations for centric ...Table 7.2 Ensemble surface features, mathematical operator, and numerical result...
5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Parametric 3D equations on the interval
6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Circular centric diatom Stephanodiscus sp. and surfaces of revolution.Table 9.2 Polynomials and coefficients of determination for centric valve profil...Table 9.3 Polynomials and coefficients of determination for one valve profile fo...Table 9.4 Length profiles normalized to 1 for nth-order polynomial curve fits in...
7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of studies on the optical properties of different diatoms and...
8 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Chemical composition of Ulnaria ferefusiformis [13.196] frustules cle...
9 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Effects of various cytoskeleton inhibitors on valve morphogenesis of ...
10 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Major classes of microorganisms with porous siliceous structures. Exa...
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