List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Various approaches for NM synthesis (Ealias & Saravanakumar, 2017...Table 1.2 Bandgap energy and activation wavelength for various metal oxide ...
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Comparison of metal–DNA assemblies and their corresponding SERS a...
3 Chapter 7Table 7.1 The effect of various NPs to the expression of nitrifying and den...
4 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Various biological application of silver nanoparticles.
5 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by bacteria.Table 9.2 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by algae.Table 9.3 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by fungi.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Schematics of typical methods for synthesis of NMs.Figure 1.2 Schematic representation of photoactivated ROS generation and ant...Figure 1.3 Bacterial cell wall structure of (a) Gram‐positive bacteria (b) G...Figure 1.4 Schematic of the antibacterial mechanism of NMs.Figure 1.5 Schematic of the factors influencing the antimicrobial activity o...Figure 1.6 Schematic of the key factors that contribute to the antimicrobial...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematization of DNA with Ag for the formation of Ag–DNA. Lower ...Figure 2.2 (a–d) TEM images of Ag–DNA taken at different magnifications show...Figure 2.3 (a) Model taken for calculating induced magnetic field. (b) SPR b...Figure 2.4 (a) EM enhancement profile for N = 2. (b) N = 14. (c) 2D array us...Figure 2.5 (a) Upper panel shows the overall depiction of Ag–DNA for SERS an...Figure 2.6 FT‐IR spectral characteristics of Au–DNA nanowires.Figure 2.7 Upper panel shows the TEM images of Au–DNA and the lower panel sh...Figure 2.8 Electronic spectral features of DNA aided Rh NPs.Figure 2.9 Schematic illustration of small‐, medium‐, and large‐sized Rh NPs...Figure 2.10 Schematic illustration of Pd NPs over DNA, CTAB and PVA scaffold...Figure 2.11 Upper panel shows TEM images of Pd–DNA nanowires and lower panel...Figure 2.12 (a–d) HR‐TEM images of Pt–DNA with chain‐like structure. (e, f) ...Figure 2.13 Representation of 532 nm laser with Pt–DNA and MB probe for SERS...Figure 2.14 Schematization of Rh–DNA shown on the left‐hand side. The visual...Figure 2.15 Upper panel shows the morphology of Rh–DNA from TEM. Lower panel...Figure 2.16 Schematization of Re–DNA by a chemical reduction method.Figure 2.17 (a) Upper panel shows the morphologies of Re–DNA and (b) lower p...Figure 2.18 Schematization of Re–DNA organosol by a chemical reduction metho...Figure 2.19 SERS application of Re–DNA organosol by a chemical reduction met...Figure 2.20 Schematic of Os–DNA organosol for SERS application.Figure 2.21 Upper panel shows the morphologies of Os–DNA organosol and lower...Figure 2.22 Upper panel shows the SPR band of Os–DNA prepared by microwave c...Figure 2.23 Upper panel shows wire‐like morphologies of Os–DNA and the lower...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative cell wall.Figure 3.2 Physicochemical properties of NMs that affect NM–microbe interact...Figure 3.3 (a) Surface functionalization techniques. (b) Surface functionali...Figure 3.4 Techniques to characterize NM–microbe interactions.Figure 3.5 Impact of corona formation on the NM functions.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Various physicochemical properties of NMs affecting their stabili...Figure 4.2 Different strategies for PEG coating on NPs. (a) Thiolated PEG co...Figure 4.3 Plasmonic NPs coated with lipid bilayers. (a) TEM image of AuNP h...Figure 4.4 Synthesis of 5FU‐CUR‐C‐MNP‐HAS‐FA nanoparticles. Curcumin and 5‐f...Figure 4.5 Effect on NMs' physicochemical properties and biomolecule coronas...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) Passive targeting of nanoparticles through enhanced permeabil...Figure 5.2 (a) Schematic diagram of nanoparticle system encapsulated with do...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic showing nanomaterials' classification and their biomedi...Figure 6.2 Types of protein corona.Figure 6.3 Factors influencing protein corona formation.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. (a) Wastewater bio...Figure 7.2 N. europaea exposed to (a) 200 ppm of 25 nm anatase TiO2 NPs. (b)...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Physicochemical characterizations of AgNNPs: (a) XRD analysis dep...Figure 8.2 Study of antibacterial activities: (a) liquid growth inhibition k...Figure 8.3 Immunohistochemistry study of skin tissues of C57BL6 female mice ...Figure 8.4 FE‐SEM images of nanoparticle‐untreated K. pneumonia AWD5 (a) wit...Figure 8.5 A comparison of the silver ions (a) and silver nanoparticles (b) ...Figure 8.6 Potential Ag(I) ion release pathways, binding, and partitioning e...Figure 8.7 The four most prominent routes of antimicrobial action of AgNPs: ...Figure 8.8 (a) SEM images of cotton fabrics with SA@AgNPs at different magni...Figure 8.9 AgNPs exposure to human or mammalian cells. AgNPs induce cytotoxi...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Schematic diagram for the mechanism of extracellular and intracel...Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of various methods of nanoparticles synthesis....Figure 9.3 Schematic representation of the aptasensor for TOA. (a) HRP‐label...Figure 9.4 (a) UV–vis spectra of Au NPs with different concentrations of dic...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Major soil microorganisms modulate biogeochemical processes. The...Figure 10.2 Representations of possible processes and factors that determine...Figure 10.3 Bioavailability of iron (Fe) from NZVI and MZVI. mRNA expression...Figure 10.4 Exposure of B. diazoefficiens to ENMs resulted in differentially...Figure 10.5 Upregulation (dark‐colored symbols) and downregulated (gray symb...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Illustration of biologically induced redox reactions that lead t...Figure 11.2 Illustration of main biogeochemical interactions of soluble U(VI...Figure 11.3 Transmission electron microscopy images of Desulfovibrio desulfu...Figure 11.4 Transmission electron microscopy images of Desulfovibrio desulfu...Figure 11.5 (a) U reduction profiles of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20. Yel...
12 Chapter