and embedded...Figure 9.3 Fabricating process of printed circuit board with embedded capaci...Figure 9.4 The schematic illustration of the surface‐modified filler.Figure 9.5 The hybrid structure of BaTiO3‐Ag particles and dielectric permit...Figure 9.6 Picture and dielectric performance of the embedded capacitor prot...Figure 9.7 Physical characterization of BT particles. SEM images of (a) pure...Figure 9.8 Predicted dielectric permittivity by theoretical models. (a) Simu...Figure 9.9 Reaction mechanisms involved in epoxy modification. (a) Reaction ...Figure 9.10 Dielectric performance of matrix‐modified composites. Frequency ...Figure 9.11 Mechanical property of the epoxy modified with different content...Figure 9.12 Map of fracture toughness of nanoparticles/epoxy nanocomposites ...Figure 9.13 Typical fabrication process of embedded capacitor materials.Figure 9.14 Relationship between the thickness of the dielectric layer and t...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A large‐sized generator and its electrical insulation structure....Figure 10.2 Mica tape/epoxy insulation.Figure 10.3 A SEM picture of a cross section of mica/epoxy insulation. (a) M...Figure 10.4 A SEM picture of the top view of the mica tape layer.Figure 10.5 Mica/epoxy insulation structure and possible defects.Figure 10.6 V‐t curve and steps of partial discharge to a final electrical b...Figure 10.7 Surface profiles of eroded areas due to PDs in the specimens con...Figure 10.8 PD erosion depth of various epoxy nanocomposites.[14]Figure 10.9 Comparison of insulation breakdown time due to electrical tree u...Figure 10.10 Dependence of insulation breakdown time of epoxy nanocomposites...Figure 10.11 V‐t characteristics of silica‐filled epoxy nanocomposite and ef...Figure 10.12 Treeing breakdown time for four kinds of filler size of epoxy/s...Figure 10.13 2‐parameter Weibull distribution of the insulation breakdown li...Figure 10.14 Effect of agglomerates on PD lifetime in an enclosed void sampl...Figure 10.15 V‐t curves of nanocomposites with various nanofiller materials....Figure 10.16 Weibull distribution of breakdown time of mica/epoxy nanocompos...Figure 10.17 Weibull probability plot of voltage endurance tests at RT with ...Figure 10.18 V‐t curves of epoxy nanocomposites with two types of fillers an...Figure 10.19 A typical SEM image of stress‐grading material.[29]Figure 10.20 Current‐voltage characteristics of stress‐grading materials wit...Figure 10.21 I–V characteristics across an interface between SiC particles a...Figure 10.22 Schematic of a turbogenerator and typical insulation structure ...Figure 10.23 Cross‐section of the end‐turn SG system [30].Figure 10.24 Potential distribution along the SG system under 30 kVp 50 Hz v...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Distribution of electrical charge in a typical cumulonimbus clou...Figure 11.2 The process of aircraft triggered a lightning strike. (a) Steepe...Figure 11.3 Statistics of aircraft lightning strike accidents. (a) Aircraft ...Figure 11.4 Lightning strikes zone of transport aircraft.Figure 11.5 Lightning current components A through D for direct effect testi...Figure 11.6 Current component A for direct effect testing. (a) Theoretical l...Figure 11.7 Current component Ah for direct effect testing. (a) Theoretical ...Figure 11.8 Current component B for lightning direct effect testing. (a) The...Figure 11.9 Current component C for direct effect testing.Figure 11.10 Current component D for direct effect testing. (a) Theoretical ...Figure 11.11 Application of CFRP in aircraft.Figure 11.12 Schematic diagram of different damage effects at the lightning ...Figure 11.13 Tested CFRP specimens: (a) carbon woven fabric/epoxy laminate; ...Figure 11.14 The specimen fixtures used for clamping the CFRP laminate to me...Figure 11.15 Lightning current impulse test platform.Figure 11.16 Lightning impulse waveforms and parameters: lightning impulses ...Figure 11.17 The surface temperature on the specimen after lightning current...Figure 11.18 Temperature distributions: (a) before the lightning test; (b) a...Figure 11.19 Current and voltage impulse waveforms of specimen A1 with diffe...Figure 11.20 The dynamic volt‐ampere characteristics of specimen A1 in the t...Figure 11.21 The equivalent conductivity of specimen A1 under the different ...Figure 11.22 The equivalent conductivities of the 0, 45, and 90° laminated C...Figure 11.23 Schematic model of the actual carbon fiber network inside the C...Figure 11.24 Schematic model of the current conduction path in a 90° laminat...Figure 11.25 The dynamic in‐thickness conductance of CFRP specimen A1.Figure 11.26 Relationship between the longitudinal conductivity of specimen ...Figure 11.27 Experimental platform for lightning current component A: (a) ci...Figure 11.28 Test fixture for CFRP laminates: (a) image of the fixture; (b) ...Figure 11.29 Lightning strike process recorded by a high‐speed camera at (a1...Figure 11.30 Images of CFRP specimens under lightning component A with diffe...Figure 11.31 Surface damage observed by ultrasonic scanning: (a) overall vie...Figure 11.32 Internal damage process: (a) cross section CT image; (b) pyroly...Figure 11.33 Evaluation for lightning damage: (a) damage region division bas...Figure 11.34 Experimental lightning damage areas of CFRP specimens.Figure 11.35 The multiple lightning direct effect test system for CFRP compo...Figure 11.36 The lightning damage of a CFRP laminate under lightning compone...Figure 11.37 The waveforms and parameters of the lightning current component...Figure 11.38 Continuous lightning test waveform for the “ABCD” test mode.Figure 11.39 Images of the CFRP laminates after a lightning strike test: (a)...Figure 11.40 Temperature distribution of specimen B4 after lightning strike:...Figure 11.41 Descending trend of the CFRP’s surface temperature (specimen B4...Figure 11.42 Instantaneous temperature of CFRP specimens subjected to differ...Figure 11.43 Ultrasonic T‐scan images of the lightning damage areas in CFRP ...Figure 11.44 Ultrasonic C‐scan images of the lightning damage depth in the C...Figure 11.45 The contributions of individual lightning current components to...Figure 11.46 The lightning damage of the CFRP laminate under lightning compo...Figure 11.47 Coupled thermal‐electrical lightning damage simulation model fo...Figure 11.48 (a) Temperature; and (b) pyrolysis degree at the central node i...Figure 11.49 Pyrolysis degree C and normalized temperature T* at the center ...Figure 11.50 Strain contours (a) on the surface; and (b) in a specimen cross...Figure 11.51 Simulated in‐plane lightning damage evaluated by the temperatur...Figure 11.52 Comparison of experimental damage areas and simulated damage ar...Figure 11.53 Lightning test results of woven fabric/epoxy laminates: (a) dam...Figure 11.54 Simulated in‐depth lightning damage evaluated by the temperatur...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Electric power distribution in Japan.Figure 12.2 Transition of high‐voltage power‐receiving switchgears.Figure 12.3 Molded vacuum interrupter in a solid‐insulated switchgear.Figure 12.4 Insulation spacer and fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRP) rod in SF6‐...Figure 12.5 Vacuum casing process for insulator manufacturing.Figure 12.6 Automatic pressure gelation (APG) process of insulator manufactu...Figure 12.7 Bisphenol A epoxy resin.Figure 12.8 Epoxy resins with low viscosity.Figure 12.9 Acid anhydride hardeners.Figure 12.10 Chemical structures of silane coupling.Figure 12.11 Fabrication processes of epoxy‐based composites.Figure 12.12 Necessary properties in epoxy‐based composites in switchgears....Figure 12.13 Exfoliation at the interface between composite and metal conduc...Figure 12.14 Insulation breakdown strength of epoxy‐based composites. (a) Ep...Figure 12.15 (a) SEM image of epoxy‐base composite with spherical SiO2 and c...Figure 12.16 V‐t characteristic of various epoxy‐based composites.Figure 12.17 Relative permittivity and volume resistivity of epoxy‐based com...Figure 12.18 Degradation of SiO2 and Al2O3 fillers in epoxy‐based composites...Figure 12.19 Properties of epoxy‐based composites immersed in water at 50 °C...Figure 12.20 Flexural and tensile strength of epoxy‐based composites with ir...Figure 12.21 Creep properties of epoxy‐based composite with SiO2 fillers. (a...Figure 12.22 Improvement of insulation properties by nano‐filler dispersion....Figure 12.23 Component model of solid insulated switchgear (SIS) insulated w...Figure 12.24 SEM image and properties of high thermal conductive composite. ...Figure 12.25 Comparison of temperature‐rise analysis in 40.5 kV/2500 A solid...Figure 12.26 Insulation spacer with permittivity gradient and simulation of ...Figure 12.27 Improvement of breakdown voltage in insulation spacer with perm...Figure 12.28 Evaluation of material degradation and estimate of the remainin...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Glass fiber and glass fabric. (1) Conventional roving; (2) Woven...Figure 13.2 Horizontal glue‐dipping machine. 1‐cloth roll, 2‐guide roll, 3‐t...Figure 13.3 Three types of devices to control the amount of glue. 1‐extrusio...Figure 13.4 The glue tape processing.Figure 13.5 Hand lay‐up molding process.Figure 13.6 Spray‐up technique. 1‐laminated compound, 2‐gel coat, 3‐mold dis...Figure 13.7 Compression molding process. (a) Preparation. (b) Plastic fillin...Figure 13.8 Forming technique of vacuum bag with die. 1‐mold, 2‐roughcast, 3...Figure 13.9 Autoclave structure