Retardants 7.6 Conclusions References
12 8 Non-Halogenated Conformal Flame Retardant Coatings List of Acronyms 8.1 Introduction to Conformal Coatings: The Role of Surface During Combustion 8.2 Fabrics 8.3 Porous Materials 8.4 Other Substrates 8.5 Future Trends and Needs References
13 9 Multicomponent Flame Retardants 9.1 The Need for Multicomponent Flame Retardants 9.2 Concepts 9.3 Combination with Fillers 9.4 Adjuvants 9.5 Synergists 9.6 Combinations of Different Flame Retardants 9.7 Combinations of Different Flame-Retardant Groups in One Flame Retardant 9.8 Conclusion References
14 10 Other Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants and Future Fire Protection Concepts & Needs 10.1 The Periodic Table of Flame Retardants 10.2 Transition Metal Flame Retardants 10.3 Sulfur-Based Flame Retardants 10.4 Carbon-Based Flame Retardants 10.5 Bio-Based Materials 10.6 Tin-Based Flame Retardants 10.7 Polymer Nanocomposites 10.8 Engineering Non-Hal FR Solutions 10.9 Future Directions References
15 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Mass balance for bauxite and alumina in 2018 (all figures as alumina,...Figure 3.2 World consumption of ATH by markets, 2018 (%) [4].Figure 3.3 Volume split within mineral filler flame retardants based on flame re...Figure 3.4 Three synthetic routes for the production of boehmites.Figure 3.5 Typical particle shapes according to R. Rothon [18].Figure 3.6 SEM of some alumimium hydrates: a) 4m2/g precipitated ATH with “porou...Figure 3.7 PSD curves of fine precipitated ATH (left), ground ATH (middle) and c...Figure 3.8 Principle of powder rheometer and comparison of characteristic data f...Figure 3.9 TGA curves for hydromagnesite, huntite and a commercial blend (left) ...Figure 3.10 Water uptake of 4m2/g ATH grades in EVA (61.3 wt.-% filler loading)....Figure 3.11 Heat conductivity as a function of ATH filling level in UP resin. In...Figure 3.12 Scheme of the processes involved during burning of a metal hydroxide...Figure 3.13 LOI in dependence of loading level in EVA (19 % VA-content).Figure 3.14 LOI in dependence of BET-surface area of metal hydroxide filler. 61....Figure 3.15 Smoke density over time of an UP resin loaded with increasing parts ...Figure 3.16 Smoke Rate Release over time measured by cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m...Figure 3.17 Heat Release Rate of plasticised PVC with increasing ATH load (at 50...Figure 3.18 Heat Release Rate (HRR) of EVA (19 %VA) filled with 61.3 wt.-% of me...Figure 3.19 Chemical working function of industrially most important coupling ag...Figure 3.20 Pyramid of commonly applied cable standards for buildings according ...Figure 3.21 Tensile strength (TS, broken line) and elongation at break (E@B) in ...Figure 3.22 Impact resistance, LOI and UL94V rating of PBT compound containing 2...Figure 3.23 MVR of PBT compounds (20 % glass fibre) in dependence of FR-composit...Figure 3.24 Influence of glass fibre reinforcement on LOI for different resin ty...Figure 3.25 Sketch for the hand lamination (left) and SMC process.Figure 3.26 Relative viscosity of UP filled with different ATH and increasing fi...
2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Number of publications (all types) and patents (extracted from the da...Figure 4.2 Intumescent polylactide (PLA) during a cone calorimeter experiment. N...Figure 4.3 (a) HRR curves as a function of time of intumescent PP (external heat...Scheme 4.1 Chemical reaction occurring during the expansion of silicates.Figure 4.4 Intumescent silicate-based coating prepared in a furnace at high temp...Figure 4.5 (a) viscosity and swelling as a function of temperature of an epoxy-b...Figure 4.6 Internal structure of an intumescent char observed by X-ray tomograph...Figure 4.7 Snapshots as a function of time of a burning intumescent epoxy-based ...Figure 4.8 Melabis and b-MAP synthesis.Figure 4.9 Synthesis of melamine salts of pentaerythritol phosphate (MPP or b-MA...Figure 4.10 Phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant.Figure 4.11 Synthesis of macromolecular triazines derivatives as char former for...Figure 4.12 Reaction scheme for the calcium salt formation in EBA copolymer cont...Figure 4.13 HRR as a function of time of pure TPU and TPU/FQ-POSS composite (ext...Figure 4.14 Cotton fabric coated with intumescent bi-layers subjected to vertica...Figure 4.15 HRR curves as a function of time for PU, PU/APP, PU/APP-MgO, PU/APP-...Figure 4.16 X-ray tomography picture of the inner structure of the char formed b...Figure 4.17 X-ray tomography picture of the inner structure of the char formed b...Figure 4.18 Standard fire test curves.Figure 4.19 Temperature as function of time on the backside of steel plate prote...Figure 4.20 (a–d), pictures as a function of time of the foaming specimens recor...Figure 4.21 (a) scheme of the H-TRIS bench-scale test and (b) analysis of an int...Figure 4.22 (a) Picture and scheme of the horizontal burner test bench (from Ref...Figure 4.23 Intumescent coating on steel plate during the burnthrough test (a) i...Figure 4.24 (a) Schematic description of the jetfire bench-scale test (note heat...Figure 4.25 Temperature as a function of time measured on the backside of steel ...Figure 4.26 Intumescent coating of geopolymer containing borax after fire testin...Figure 4.27 (a) X-ray tomography of GP foam showing the internal foamy structure...Figure 4.28 IPML before and after fire testing at the burnthrough test, delamina...
3 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Linear APP.Figure 5.2 Branched APP, n > 1000.Figure 5.3 Reaction scheme for intumescence and char formation by APP.Figure 5.4 UL 94 testing with APP flame retarded polypropylene (left).Figure 5.5 Dependency of LOI on loading level of Exolit® AP 760 in polypropylene...Figure 5.6 Smoke density (DS) of burning PP (V-0, 1.6 mm) with different flame r...Figure 5.7 Heat release rate and rate of smoke release of polyurethane foam with...Scheme 5.1