of the digestive gland showing absorption and intracellu...Figure 4.21 Electron micrograph of a cultured digestive cell from the digest...Figure 4.22 Electron micrograph of a cultured basophilic (secretory) cell fr...Figure 4.23 Nonlinear regression of BrdU labelling values (‰ cells) recorded...Figure 4.24 Mean (± SE) number of phytoplankton, microzooplankton (<200 μm) ...Figure 4.25 Seasonal variations of the principal fatty acid (FA) ratios typi...Figure 4.26 Variation in absorption efficiency (AE) and gut passage time (GP...Figure 4.27 Nitrogen (N) cycle in a bivalve suspension feeder‐dominated ecos...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the mature sperm of (a) M...Figure 5.2 Diversity of morphological patterns of spermatazoa in (a) Mytilus...Figure 5.3 Ultrastructure of the ovary of the methane seep mussel, Bathymodi...Figure 5.4 Ultrastructure of the ovary of the methane seep mussel, Bathymodi...Figure 5.5 Protein (filled triangle), lipid (filled diamond) and carbohydrat...Figure 5.6 Monthly variations in the condition index (CI) of male and female...Figure 5.7 Monthly variations in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male and f...Figure 5.8 Reproductive effort (RE) of the mussel Mytilus edulis from three ...Figure 5.9 Stages in the development of Mytilus trossulus. (a) Swimming blas...Figure 5.10 Growth rates of Perna viridis larvae reared at different tempera...Figure 5.11 Early plantigrade larva of the mussel Mytilus edulis immediately...Figure 5.12 Mean (±SD) densities of mussel recruits (indiduals m−2) in...Figure 5.13 Mean (±SD) cumulative mussel recruitment per area unit (individu...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Monthly length‐frequency data (black histograms; 5471 individuals...Figure 6.2 Von Bertalanffy growth curve for a sample of mussels Mytilus edul...Figure 6.3 Photograph of the right valve of a calcein‐marked Loripes lacteusFigure 6.4 The cockle Clinocardium nuttallii, with the most obvious external...Figure 6.5 Acetate peel replicas of shell sections of (A) the ligament scar ...Figure 6.6 Photomicrograph of acetate peel replicas of the mussel Mytilus ed...Figure 6.7 Construction of predicted δ18Oequilibrium calcite record and comp...Figure 6.8 3D surface scan of the left valve of a representative scallop, wi...Figure 6.9 Landmark and semi‐landmark configurations on the outline of the s...Figure 6.10 Schematic representation of energy flows in the standard dynamic...Figure 6.11 Temporal changes from March 2010 to December 2010 in the mean dr...Figure 6.12 Ingested ration, absorbed ration, respiration rate and resultant...Figure 6.13 Sites in southern and central California, United States, where m...Figure 6.14 Mytilus californianus (A) growth and (B) condition mean ±1 SE am...Figure 6.15 Scope for growth (SFG) (mean ± SE) of Mytilus trossulus (black c...Figure 6.16 Doubling time of body dry weight for the mussel Mytilus edulis g...Figure 6.17 Shell increment rates (mm wk−1) of all Mytilus edulis indi...Figure 6.18 Effect of salinity (15, 25, 37, 45, 50, 55 and 60 psu) on the sc...Figure 6.19 Growth rates of South African Choromytilus meridionalis at diffe...Figure 6.20 Von Bertalanffy growth curves in Mytilus edulis populations. NS,...Figure 6.21 Scope for growth (SFG) measured on mussels (Mytilus chilensis) e...Figure 6.22 Relationship of biochemical content as a function of size for la...Figure 6.23 Net growth efficiency (net energy balance/net energy absorbed) i...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) of the haemocytes of Bat...Figure 7.2 Relationship between mean (±SE, N = 5–7) heart rate (HR) and temp...Figure 7.3 Heart rate (HR) variability during a complete tidal cycle measure...Figure 7.4 Mean (± SE, N = 2–7) heart rate (HR) of Perna viridis exposed to ...Figure 7.5 Relationship between mean (± SE, N = 4–6) heart rate (HR) of Pern...Figure 7.6 Mean oxygen consumption rates (OCR; μl O2 h −1) adjusted to...Figure 7.7 Oxygen consumption in the mussel Mytilus edulis acclimated to 5 °...Figure 7.8 Seasonal variation in the respiratory response to an experimental...Figure 7.9 Respiration rates as a function of acclimatisation temperature. T...Figure 7.10 Mitochondrial respiration of cold‐adapted Mytilus trossulus accl...Figure 7.11 Oxygen consumption of small mussels. Rates are standardised per ...Figure 7.12 Combined effects of salinity (15, 25, 37 and 45 psu) and tempera...Figure 7.13 Effect of salinity (15, 25, 37, 45, 50, 55 and 60 psu) on the re...Figure 7.14 Respiration rate of Perna viridis exposed to three different com...Figure 7.15 Median survival times (hr) for Texas Gulf of Mexico coast Perna ...Figure 7.16 Rates of excretion of ammonia (NH4‐N) by the mussel Mytilus edul...Figure 7.17 Ammonia excretion (μmol g−1 h−1) of mussels immediat...Figure 7.18 Ratio of oxygen uptake: ammonia‐N excretion, by atomic equivalen...Figure 7.19 Atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to ammonia‐N excreted (O:N ratio...Figure 7.20 Valve opening/closing behaviour over time of the euryhaline muss...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 (a) Example of an analytical method for the determination of poly...Figure 8.2 Sources and pathways for personal care products (PCPs) entering g...Figure 8.3 Photographs of different types of microplastics in bivalves from ...Figure 8.4 Interactions and fate of NPs in the environment: (a) dissolution,...Figure 8.5 Roadmap for the analytical process of sub‐microplastic and nanopl...Figure 8.6 Sulphamethoxazole bioconcentration factors (BCFs; l kg−1 dr...Figure 8.7 Kinetic model simultaneously considering uptake from waterborne a...Figure 8.8 Schematic diagram showing the design of an artificial mussel (AM)...Figure 8.9 Biomarker usefulness in monitoring and assessment.Figure 8.10 Determinands and measurements included in the mussel component o...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Comparison of AFLP–Genographer profiles of reference fish samples...Figure 9.2 Perna canaliculus collection sites and hydrographic patterns arou...Figure 9.3 Latitudinal range of distribution of Brachidontes s.l. species pr...Figure 9.4 Positions of Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal vent fields....Figure 9.5 PCR amplification of the foot protein gene 1 Me15/16 (Inoue et alFigure 9.6 Frequency of the Mytilus edulis allele (black) and the Mytilus ga...Figure 9.7 Map of macroregions and regions of the Baltic Sea (Ojaveer & Kale...Figure 9.8 Frequency of Mytilus hybrid genotypes. Mussels are given a score ...Figure 9.9 Distribution in 2006 of homozygous Mytilus galloprovincialis (bla...Figure 9.10 Gene maps of the mitochondrial genomes of Mytilus galloprovincia...Figure 9.11 Overview of different omics sciences, such as genomics, transcri...Figure 9.12 Midparent–offspring regression of total left‐shell pigmentation ...Figure 9.13 Response to individual (mass) selection. A population of fish ha...Figure 9.14 Steps involved in selection of potential broodstock and phenotyp...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Steps in the production of algae. Stock cultures (250 ml or less...Figure 10.2 Outdoor algal culture tank at the Victoria Shellfish Hatchery, V...Figure 10.3 (a) Laboratory algae flask culture and (b) indoor algae bag cult...Figure 10.4 Diagrammatic representation of a flow‐through broodstock tank in...Figure 10.5 Broodstock holding tanks at the Victoria Shellfish Hatchery, Vic...Figure 10.6 Broodstock spawning tray at the Victoria Shellfish Hatchery, Vic...Figure 10.7 Embryonic stages in the mussel Limnoperna fortunei. (a) 16‐cell ...Figure 10.8 Larval rearing tanks with flow‐through system at the Victoria Sh...Figure 10.9 Schematic of basic down‐welling system for mussel settlement. Wa...Figure 10.10 (a) Collector rope types. SM, smooth rope; BF, rope with short ...Figure 10.11 Mussel seed‐containing down‐wellers placed in a large flow‐thro...Figure 10.12 Schematic representation of the submerged longline system used ...Figure 10.13 (a) Galician mussel raft with others in the background. Photogr...Figure 10.14 Mussel (Mytilus edulis) culture on bouchots during low tide in ...Figure 10.15 Spat‐collecting ropes covered with Mytilus edulis in the Chause...Figure 10.16 Mussels (Mytilus edulis) laid at an intertidal lease site at th...Figure 10.17 (a) Vertical‐axis flotation system developed for mussel farming...Figure 10.18 Potential multifunctional use of the fixed underwater structure...Figure 10.19 Biofouling of the green‐lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus, by th...Figure 10.20 Schematic view of the EAA planning and implementation process. ...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) Typical manifestation of mycotic sloughing periostracum (MSP...Figure 11.2 (a) Mussel beds (Bathymodiolus brevior) at Mussel Hill, Fiji Bas...Figure 11.3 Spherical cysts (11–15 μm in diameter)