and common names for various food legumes are:
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean, field bean, haricot)
Vigna unguiculata L. (cowpea, black‐eye pea, crowder pea)
Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea, garbanzo, Bengal gram, gram, Chana)
Lens culinaris Medik. (lentil, Masur)
Vigna aureus (mung bean, green gram, golden gram)
Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. (pigeon pea, Congo pea, red gram, Angola pea, yellow dhal)
Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima bean, butter bean)
Vicia faba L. (broad bean, faba bean, horse bean)
Vigna aconitifolia Jacq. (moth bean, mat bean)
Pisum arvense sativum L. (common or garden pea, pois, arveja, Alaska pea, muttar)
Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean, soya, haba soya)
This chapter provides an overview of important aspects of the production and global trade of legumes, production and consumption trends, use as a diverse food resource, value‐added products, nutritional and health significance, constraints to utilization, and the role of legumes in world food security.
History and origin
Beans may be called “the food of the ancients,” with literature recording the cultivation of beans, lupins and lentils in the Nile Valley dating as early as 2000 BCE. Common beans originated in Latin America (high Andeas, Guatemala and Mexico) where its wild progenitor (P. vulgaris var. mexicanus and var. aborigenous) has a wide distribution ranging from northern Mexico to northwestern Argentina (Gepts 2001; Grigolo and Fioreze 2018). Phaseolus beans are recognized as an exclusive New World Crop of American origin despite their wide distribution worldwide. Secondary centers of diversification are East Africa and Europe, since the Phaseolus beans were introduced by Spaniards and Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Angioi et al. 2010; Schumacher and Boland 2017). Beans have played a part in the superstitions, the politics, and the warfare of ancient peoples. Magistrates were elected in Greece and Rome by the casting of beans into helmets. Certain kinds have been credited with medicinal value (Hardenburg 1927).
Originally domesticated in Central and South America, dry beans moved northward through Mexico and spread across most of the United States. These beans were commonly grown with corn and sometimes squash (Schumacher and Boland 2017). The early Europeans, first in the New England States of the US, then generations later in the upper Midwest (Great Lakes region), found that the white pea bean and many other dry beans provided a fine staple for a subsistence diet. The settlers explored and adapted to growing dry beans that the native Indians apparently had never exploited. They traded their excess production to non‐bean‐growing neighbors for goods, services, or cash.
The Iroquois Indians grew a small, round pea bean (Indian bean) with corn and squash (“three sisters” cropping system); this bean later became known as the “navy bean” because of the large demand that developed for this bean for naval and marine food supply purposes.
PRODUCTION AND TRADE
Dry beans and pulses are grown widely in different regions of the world. Table 1.1 shows regional production of dry beans, cowpeas, and other pulses in 2019. The total world production of these grain legumes was over 68 million metric tons, with Asia alone contributing 50.67%, followed by Africa (27.80%, and Americas − North, Central, and South (15.62%). The major regionally produced legumes were lentils, chickpeas, mung beans, pigeon peas, and other local pulses (Asia), cowpeas and vetches (Africa), dry beans, lentils, and chickpeas (Americas), lentils, lupins, vetches, and other pulses (EU region), and lupins and vetches (Oceania).
The significance of dry beans and pulses is made clear by the worldwide distribution of their production and consumption, as summarized below:
East Asia: China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea Rep., Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
West Asia/Middle East: Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Yemen
North America: USA, Mexico, Canada
Central America and Caribbean: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Europe: Albania, Austria, Benelux, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Russian Federation
East Africa: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire
West Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia
South Africa: Angola, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Republic of South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe
Table 1.1. Regional production of dry beans and other pulses in 2019 (metric tons).
Source: FAO (2020).
| Pulse crop | Asia | Africa | Americas | Europe | Oceania |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beans | 14,369,312 | 7,052,612 | 7,039,866 | 367,412 | 73,470 |
| Cowpeas | 197,970 | 8,616,443 | 65,039 | 23,877 | nr1 |
| Chickpeas | 11,879,525 | 693,369 | 876,132 | 516,069 | 281,200 |
| Lentils | 2,438,955 | 188,545 | 2,446,103 | 124,756 | 535,842 |
| Vetches | 94,569 | 324,719 | 97,230 | 239,487 | 6,790 |
| Pigeon peas | 3,680,651 | 666,875 | 78,443 | nr | nr |
| Lupins | 91 | 75,381 | 63,595 | 393,146 | 474,629 |
| Other pulses | 2,063,857 | 1,432,126 |