ventilation, as well as the increased potential for complications. Clean laparoscopic procedures are often scheduled after thoracic procedures, and clean‐contaminated procedures that lead to contamination of instrumentation should be scheduled last [75–79].
Fully Equipped Minimally Invasive Surgery Suite: Hybrid Rooms
The combination of endoscopy and fluoroscopy has led to the establishment of interventional endoscopy and radiology. In recent years, the concept has been adopted by the veterinary field. Multipurpose MIS rooms integrating interventional endoscopy and interventional radiology furthered the concept of hybrid rooms (Figure 3.13a).
The above require fluoroscopy equipment (C‐arm), either a floor‐wheeled unit or ceiling boom suspended unit. Radiation protection is required. Endo‐ultrasonography is also a modality commonly available in human medical hybrid settings, though rarely incorporated into veterinary medicine [80–84]. In human hospitals, complex hybrid rooms also comprise interventional computed tomography or interventional magnetic resonance units for intraoperative imaging, navigation, planning, and reconstruction, often mounted on suspended racks [65, 86].
References
1 1. Brandão, F., Chamness, C. Imaging equipment and operating room setup. Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy, 2015, 31–39.
2 2. Chamness, C.J. (1999) Endoscopic instrumentation. In: Tams, T.R. (ed.) Small Animal Endoscopy, 2nd ed. Mosby, St. Louis, pp. 1‐16.
3 3. Chamness, C.J. (2011) Endoscopic instrumentation and documentation for flexible and rigid endoscopy. In: Tams, T.R. (ed.) Small Animal Endoscopy, 3rd edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp. 3–26.
4 4. Chamness, C.J. (2008) Instrumentation. In: Lhermette, P., Sobel, D. (eds.) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endoscopy and Endosurgery. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Quedgeley, UK, pp. 11–30.
5 5. Chamness, C.J. (2005) Introduction to veterinary endoscopy and endoscopic instrumentation. In: McCarthy, T.C. (ed.) Veterinary Endoscopy for the Small Animal Practitioner. Saunders, St. Louis, pp. 1–20.
6 6. Goldstein, D.S., Chandhoke, P.S. Kavoussi, L.R., et al. (1994) Laparoscopic equipment. In: Sopper, N.J., Clayman, R.V. Odem, R., et al. (eds.) Essentials of Laparoscopy. Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, pp. 104–147.
7 7. Buyalos, R.P. (1997) Principles of endoscopic optics and lighting. In: Practical Manual of Operative Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy. Springer, New York, pp. 23–31.
8 8. Coller, J.A., Murray, J.J. (1994) Equipment. In: Ballantyne, G.H., Leahy, P.F., Modlin, I.M. (eds.) Laparoscopic Surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia.
9 9. Monnet, E., Twedt, D.C. (2003) Laparoscopy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33, 1147–1163.
10 10. Diamond DM, Mathews KG, Chiu KW, et al. Fixed Versus Variable‐Angle Endoscopy for Exploratory Thoracoscopy. Scientific Presentation Abstracts 2019 VETERINARY ENDOSCOPY SOCIETY 16TH ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING, April 29–May 1, Lake Tahoe, California, USA
11 11. Ebner, Florian H., et al. Rigid, variable‐view endoscope in neurosurgery: first intraoperative experience. Surgical innovation, 2015, 22.4: 390–393.
12 12. Ali, Mohammad Javed; SINGH, Swati; NAIK, Milind N. The usefulness of continuously variable view rigid endoscope in lacrimal surgeries: first intraoperative experience. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2016, 32.6: 477–480.
13 13. Stasi, K., Melendez, L. (2001) Care and cleaning of the endoscope. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31 (4), 589–603.
14 14. Cartmill, J., Aamodt, D. (1993) Video systems in laparoscopy. In: Graber, J.N., et al. (eds.) Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery. McGraw‐Hill, New York.
15 15. Doppler, D.W. (1992) Laparoscopic instrumentation, videoimaging, and equipment disinfection and sterilization. Surg Clin North Am 72, 1021–1031.
16 16. Radlinsky, M.G. (2009) Endoscopy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39 (5), 817–837.
17 17. Van Lue, S.J., Van Lue, A.P. (2009) Equipment and instrumentation in veterinary endoscopy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39, 817–837.
18 18. Nissen, N.N., Menon, V.G., Colquhoun, S.D., Williams, J., Berci, G. (2013) Universal multifunctional HD video system for minimally invasive, [corrected] open and microsurgery. Surg Endosc 27 (3), 782–787.
19 19. La Chapelle, C.F., Bemelman, W.A., Rademaker, B.M.P., et al. (2012) A multidisciplinary evidence‐based guideline for minimally invasive surgery. Part 1: entry techniques and the pneumoperitoneum. Gynecol Surg 9 (3), 271–282.
20 20. Magne, M.L., Tams, T.R. (1999) Laparoscopy: instrumentation and technique. In: Tams, T.R. (ed.) Small Animal Endoscopy. Mosby, St. Louis, pp. 397–408.
21 21. Caro, Daniel G. Rey, Caro, Enrique P. Rey, Caro, Enrique A. Rey. Chromoendoscopy associated with endoscopic laryngeal surgery: a new technique for treating recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Journal of Voice, 2014, 28.6: 822–829.
22 22. Ni, X. G., He, S., Xu, Z. G., et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of laryngeal cancer and precancerous lesions by narrow band imaging. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 2011, 125.3: 288–296.
23 23. Arens, C., Dreyer, T., Glanz, H., et al. Indirect autofluorescence laryngoscopy in the diagnosis of laryngeal cancer and its precursor lesions. European Archives of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology and Head & Neck, 2004, 261.2: 71–76.
24 24. Jacobson, Michael C., White, Ralph W. deVere, Demos, Stavros G. In vivo testing of a prototype system providing simultaneous white light and near infrared autofluorescence image acquisition for detection of bladder cancer. Journal of biomedical optics, 2012, 17.3: 036011.
25 25. Alander, J. T., Kaartinen, I., Laakso, A., et al. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. Journal of Biomedical Imaging, 2012, 2012: 7.
26 26. Nakajima, Y., Asano, K., Mukai, K., et al. Near‐Infrared fluorescence imaging directly visualizes lymphatic drainage pathways and connections between superficial and deep lymphatic systems in the mouse hindlimb. Scientific reports, 2018, 8.1: 7078.
27 27. Steffey, Michele A.; Mayhew, Philipp D. Use of direct near‐infrared fluorescent lymphography for thoracoscopic thoracic duct identification in 15 dogs with chylothorax. Veterinary surgery, 2018, 47.2: 267–276.
28 28. Ando, K., Kamijyou, K., Hatinoda, K., et al. Computed tomography and radiographic lymphography of the thoracic duct by subcutaneous or submucosal injection. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2012, 74.1: 135–140.
29 29. Johnson, E. G., Wisner, E. R., Kyles, A., et al. Computed tomographic lymphography of the thoracic duct by mesenteric lymph node injection. Veterinary surgery, 2009, 38.3: 361–367.
30 30. Iida, G., Asano, K., Seki, M., et al. Intraoperative identification of canine hepatocellular carcinoma with indocyanine green fluorescent imaging. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2013, 54.11: 594–600.
31 31. Ishigaki K, Sakurai N, Nagumo T, et al. Preoperative Computed Tomographic Lymphangiography and Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging for Triple Combination Endoscopic Surgery in Canine Idiopathic Chylothorax. Scientific Presentation Abstracts 2019 VETERINARY ENDOSCOPY SOCIETY 16TH ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING, April 29–May 1, Lake Tahoe, California, USA
32 32. Johnson, E. G., Wisner, E. R., Kyles, A., et al. Computed tomographic lymphography of the thoracic duct by mesenteric lymph node injection. Veterinary surgery, 2009, 38.3: 361–367.
33 33. Naganobu, K., Ohigashi, Y., Akiyoshi, T., et al. Lymphography of the thoracic duct by percutaneous injection of iohexol into the popliteal lymph node of dogs: experimental study and clinical application. Veterinary surgery, 2006, 35.4: 377–381.
34 34. Millward, Ian R.; KIRBERGER, Robert M.; THOMPSON, Peter N. Comparative popliteal and mesenteric computed tomography lymphangiography of the canine