of Guelph; Stephen C. Grado, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University; Robert K. Grala, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University; Hannah L. Hemmelgarn, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Eric J. Holzmueller, College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University; Thomas M. Isenhart, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University; Guillermo Jimenez-Ferrer, El Colegio de LA Frontera Sur; Shibu Jose, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Robert J. Kremer, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; James P. Lassoie, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University; Teng Teeh Lim, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Chung-Ho Lin, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Sarah T. Lovell, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Robert L. McGraw, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; D. Evan Mercer, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service; Joshua J. Millspaugh, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana; John F. Munsell, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Joseph N. Orefice, Forest & Agricultural Operations, Yale University School of Forestry & Environmental Studies; Gabriel J. Pent, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; P. K. Ramachandran Nair, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida; Richard C. Schultz, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University; Peter L. Schultz, Target, Inc., Headquarters; John H. Schulz, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Steven H. Sharrow, Oregon State University; William W. Simpkins, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University; Lorena Soto-Pinto, El Colegio de LA Frontera Sur; Erik Stanek, Balzac Brothers & company, Charlston; Eugene Takle, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University; Naresh V. Thevathasan, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph; Ranjith P. Udawatta, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Corinne B. Valdivia, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; W. D. “Dusty” Walter, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Eric E. Weber, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Kevin J. Wolz, Savannah Institute; Mario Yanez, Overtown Foodworks Office, Inhabit Earth; Lisa Zabek, Interior of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture; Xinhua Zhou, Campbell Scientific, Logan, Utah
EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE American Society of Agronomy Crop Science Society of America Soil Science Society of America 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801, USA
SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Jeffrey J, Volenec (ASA), P.V. Vara Prasad (CSSA), and April L. Ulery (SSSA)
SOCIETY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Kathleen M. Yeater (ASA), C. Wayne Smith (CSSA), and Craig Rasmussen (SSSA)
BOOK AND MULTIMEDIA PUBLISHING COMMITTEE Girisha Ganjegunte, Chair Fugen Dou David Fang Shuyu Liu Gurpal Toor
DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS Matt Wascavage
BOOKS STAFF Richard Easby, Managing Editor Pamm Kasper, Copy Editor
North American Agroforestry
3rd Edition
Edited by
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold
Copyright © 2022 American Society of Agronomy. All rights reserved. Copublication by American Society of Agronomy and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition History American Society of Agronomy, Inc. (1e, 2000 and 2e, 2009)
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to reuse material from this title is available at http://wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy of completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The publisher is not providing legal, medical, or other professional services. Any reference herein to any specific commercial products, procedures, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favored status by the ASA, CSSA and SSSA. The views and opinions of the author(s) expressed in this publication do not necessarily state or reflect those of ASA, CSSA and SSSA, and they shall not be used to advertise or endorse any product.
Editorial Correspondence: American Society of Agronomy 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711‐58011, USA agronomy.org
Registered Offices: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products, visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Garrett, H. E., editor. | Jose, Shibu, editor. | Gold, Michael Alan, editor. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.
Title: North american agroforestry / edited by Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold.
Description: 3rd edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021052140 (print) | LCCN 2021052141 (ebook) | ISBN 9780891183778 (hardback) | ISBN 9780891183846 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9780891183839 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Agroforestry–United States. | Forest management–United States.
Classification: LCC S494.5.A45 N69 2022 (print) | LCC S494.5.A45 (ebook) | DDC 634.9/9–dc23/eng/20211028
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052140 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052141
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Farm at the University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources in New Franklin, Missouri; © University of Missouri
Preface
Perhaps more so than at any time in the history of mankind, we are faced with problems that threaten our very existence. Climate change, regardless of its cause,