Gene editing 14.14 Economic, environmental and human health benefits from the adoption of GM technology 14.15 Gene stacking 14.16 Will the rise of glyphosate be inevitably followed by a fall? 14.17 Why is there so much opposition to GM technology? 14.18 Future prospects References
19 Chapter 15: Further Targets for Herbicide Development 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Protein turnover 15.3 The promotion of ageing in weeds? 15.4 Herbicide leads at the apicoplast 15.5 Control of seed germination and dormancy 15.6 Natural products as leads for new herbicides References
20 Glossary
21 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Important plant families which contain both the major crops and t...Table 1.2 Problems caused by weeds.Table 1.3 Examples of yield losses owing to weeds.Table 1.4 Estimated percentage crop losses owing to weeds, 1988–90 (from Oe...Table 1.5 Relative competitive abilities of a number of common weeds found ...Table 1.6 Some examples of weeds as hosts for crop pests and diseases.Table 1.7 Growth strategies of plants.Table 1.8 The ‘successful’ weed.Table 1.9 Seed production by a number of common arable weeds and wheat.Table 1.10 Photosynthetic pathway of the world’s 10 worst weeds.Table 1.11 Ranking of the competitive effects of selected weed species and ...Table 1.12 Main broadleaf weeds and grass weeds present in 2359 winter cere...
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Estimated annual sales of the four major agrochemical companies, ...Table 2.2 Leading herbicides in 2015, according to sales for key crops (Phi...Table 2.3 Typical tests required for the environmental acceptability of pes...Table 2.4 Toxicity of some herbicides and common chemicals to rats.Table 2.5 Carcinogens in food.Table 2.6 Costs for the development of an agricultural chemical.Table 2.7 Existing targets for herbicide action.Table 2.8A Thirty‐three additional herbicide targets demonstratedin vitro....Table 2.8B Twenty‐six additional patented herbicide targets.Table 2.9 Herbicide systemicity and logK ow .Table 2.10 Target sites of some natural compounds that inhibit plant growth...Table 2.11 Some new herbicides developed since 2000.
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Most common epicuticular wax components (after Holloway, 1993).Table 3.2 Variations in epicuticular lipid classes. Values are percentages ...Table 3.3 Common cutin monomers, normally C16 and C18, of fatty acids.Table 3.4 Herbicide formulations.Table 3.5 Estimated physical properties of ethoxylated alcohols and allyl p...Table 3.6 Metabolism of 2,4‐D butyl ester and systemicity of its metabolite...Table 3.7 Amine cations of phenoxyalkanoic acid amine salts.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Examples of some herbicides metabolised by glutathioneS‐transfera...Table 4.2 Generalised effect of each phase of metabolism on herbicide activ...Table 4.3 Herbicide safeners available as commercial products.
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Examples of the measurement of photosystem activityin vitro by ox...Table 5.2 Characteristics of mutants with amino acid substitutions in D1.
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Structure of some diphenyl ether peroxidising herbicides.Table 6.2 Structures of some PROTOX inhibitors.Table 6.3 Representative synthetic HPPD inhibitors.
7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Most commonly used herbicide active ingredients in the USA Agricu...Table 7.2 Structures of auxin‐type herbicides.Table 7.3 Some examples of weed seedlings controlled by auxin‐type herbicid...
8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Structures of graminicides.Table 8.2 Forms of ACCase found in higher plants.Table 8.3 Sensitivity of ACCase I and II fromLolium multiflorum biotypes to...Table 8.4 Effect of haloxyfop and tralkoxydim on plant growth (ED50) and in...
9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Typical symptoms following glyphosate treatment.Table 9.2 Structures of a selection of amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors at...
10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Structures of herbicides that interfere with microtubule assembly...
11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 The diversity and complexity of post‐translational modifications.
12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Number of herbicide‐resistant weeds reported by country.Table 13.2 A selection of mutations that confer target site resistance to AL...Table 13.3 Photoreduction of DCPIP by thylakoids isolated from atrazine‐resi...Table 13.4 Weed species for which glutathioneS‐transferases (GSTs) and/or P4...Table 13.5 Genes for herbicide metabolism in herbicide‐resistant weeds, acco...Table 13.6 Weed species or genera in Europe with inherent risk of evolving h...
13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 List of species that have been genetically modified (GM) for herb...Table 14.2 List of herbicides used in commercialised GM‐HT crops.Table 14.3 Hectares grown of the top four GM crops in 2018 (ISAAA, 2018).Table 14.4 Kinetic properties for selected EPSP synthases.Ki/Km (PEP) is a m...Table 14.5 Menacing images of food biotechnology in Europe (1996–2002).
14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Proteosome subunits with known roles in tolerance to environmenta...Table 15.2 Physiological properties of some essential oils.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Germination periods of some common annual weeds. A greater width ...Figure 1.2 Some methods of weed seed dispersal with their estimated range in...Figure