rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_40641cb6-a13c-579d-8f75-7d42c48e0cb4">8.2 Molecular Simulations 8.3 Structural Characterization of Clathrate Hydrates with Simulations 8.4 Dynamic Characterizations of Guest Motion in Cages 8.5 Simulations of Clathrate Hydrates 8.6 Ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Calculations of Clathrate Hydrates 8.7 Conclusions and Outlook References 9 X‐ray and Neutron Diffraction and Scattering of Clathrate Hydrates 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Crystallography and X‐ray Diffraction 9.3 Instrumentation 9.4 Structural Characterization with Diffraction Methods 9.5 Neutron Diffraction or Elastic Neutron Scattering 9.6 Inelastic Neutron Scattering 9.7 Inelastic X‐ray Scattering 9.8 Summary References 10 Characterization of Clathrate Hydrates Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 NMR Interactions 10.3 Experimental Aspects of NMR Spectroscopy 10.4 The Development of NMR Techniques Over Time 10.5 NMR Powder Line Shapes in Clathrate Hydrates References 11 Specialized Methods of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applied to Characterization of Clathrate Hydrates 11.1 Introduction 11.2 13C MAS NMR in Compositional and Structural Analysis of Gas Hydrates 11.3 129Xe NMR Applications: Other Topics 11.4 Ionic Hydrates 11.5 Clathrate Hydrates and Magnetic Resonance Imaging References 12 Reorientation and Diffusion in Clathrate Hydrates 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Early Work on Clathrates/Inclusion Compounds 12.3 Dynamics 12.4 Water Dynamics in Ice and Clathrate Hydrates 12.5 Guest Motions 12.6 Summary References 13 IR and Raman Spectroscopy of Clathrate Hydrates 13.1 Fundamentals and Quantification 13.2 IR Spectroscopy of Clathrate Hydrates 13.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Clathrate Hydrates 13.4 Conclusions Appendix 3A Raman Peaks of Clathrate Hydrate Guests References 14 Kinetics of Clathrate Hydrate Processes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Experimental Measurement of Hydrate Process Rates 14.3 Modeling the Kinetics of Hydrate Nucleation 14.4 Hydrate Phase Transformations 14.5 Metastability 14.6 Kinetic Modifiers 14.7 Molecular Simulations of Clathrate Hydrate Nucleation and Growth 14.8 Concluding Remarks References 15 Mechanical and Thermal Transport Properties of Clathrate Hydrates 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Theoretical Background 15.3 Mechanical Properties: Acoustic Velocity and Elastic Constants 15.4 Thermal Expansion 15.5 Transport Properties: Thermal Conductivity 15.6 Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermal Properties of Clathrate Hydrates 15.7 Summary References 16 Applications of Clathrate (Gas) Hydrates 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Flow Assurance in Oil and Gas Pipelines 16.3 Natural Gas Energy Recovery from the Earth's Hydrates 16.4 Desalination 16.5 Concentration of Wastewater and Aqueous Organic Solutions 16.6 Storage and Transportation of Natural Gas, Hydrogen, and Other Materials 16.7 Gas Separations
