8 Analgesics Chapter 9 Antibacterials Chapter 10 Medications used in the cardiovascular system Chapter 11 Medications used in the renal system Chapter 12 Medications and diabetes mellitus Chapter 13 Medications used in the respiratory system Chapter 14 Medications used in the gastrointestinal system Chapter 15 Medication and the Nervous System Chapter 16 Medications used in Mental Health Chapter 17 Immunisations
28 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Categorisation of drugs based on clinical usage, general action o...
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Examples of emergency conditions covered in section 3.Table 2.2 Examples of specific trauma emergency conditions and management c...
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 The potential risks of missed medication.
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Four stages of pharmacokinetics.Table 5.2 Factors that affect absorption of drugs.Table 5.3 Examples of opioid by receptor binding.Table 5.4 Narrow therapeutic index examples.Table 5.5 Physiological changes in older patients and pregnant/lactating pa...
5 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Patient characteristics which predispose to adverse drug effects.Table 7.2 The most common causative medications, ranked by percentage of AD...Table 7.3 Adrenaline dosing guidance.
6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Non‐pharmacological interventions to relieve distress and pain (T...Table 8.2 Physiological manifestations of pain.Table 8.3 Features of sensory nerve fibres.Table 8.4 FLACC Score.Table 8.5 Comparison of common non‐opioid analgesics.Table 8.6 Terminology for opioid receptors.Table 8.7 Pharmacokinetics of common opioids.
7 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Broad‐ and narrow‐spectrum antibiotics.Table 9.2 Pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin sodium.Table 9.3 Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins.Table 9.4 Pharmacokinetics of imipenem.Table 9.5 Pharmacokinetics of tetracycline.Table 9.6 Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol.Table 9.7 Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides.Table 9.8 Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin.Table 9.9 Pharmacokinetics of clindamycin.
8 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Drug therapies for management of patients with hypertension or h...
9 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Pre‐renal, intrarenal and postrenal disease characteristics.Table 11.2 Stages of acute kidney injury.Table 11.3 Categories of CKD.Table 11.4 Subclasses of diuretics and their clinical uses.Table 11.5 Pharmacology of loop diuretics.Table 11.6 Pharmacology of thiazide diuretics.Table 11.7 Pharmacology of two alpha‐1 receptor antagonists used for urinar...
10 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Properties of insulin preparations.Table 12.2 Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia.Table 12.3 Factors precipitating DKA.Table 12.4 Signs and symptoms of DKA.
11 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Signs and symptoms of acute asthma exacerbations.Table 13.2 Clinical features differentiating COPD and asthma.Table 13.3 Indications for oxygen administration.Table 13.4 Oxygen delivery devices.
12 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Comparison of cardiac‐related chest pain and gastric‐related che...
13 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Drugs used for Parkinson disease.Table 15.2 Potential benefits and harms of dopamine agonists, levodopa and ...Table 15.3 Dementia drugs that paramedics may encounter in the prehospital ...Table 15.4 Interactions of cholinesterase inhibitors.Table 15.5 Side‐effects of cholinesterase inhibitors: minor, severe and rar...Table 15.6 Common AEDs seen in the prehospital setting.Table 15.7 Differentiating psychogenic non‐epileptic seizures (PNES) from b...Table 15.8 Adverse reactions associated with common antiepileptic drugs.Table 15.9 Risk factors associated with the development of strokes and TIAs...
14 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Key neurotransmitters.Table 16.2 The stepped care model.Table 16.3 Symptoms of withdrawal syndromeTable 16.4 Symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
15 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Classifications of vaccine biotechnology.Table 17.2 UK immunisation schedule (PHE 2019b).
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Drugs which act at receptors. (a) A cell has receptors for a spec...Figure 1.2 Enzymes operate by binding reacting substances (a) and accelerati...Figure 1.3 Benzodiazepines act by binding to a chloride channel. (a) The inh...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 JRCALC Guidelines – Update Analysis.Figure 2.2 Example of how specific drug (aspirin) information is presented w...Figure 2.3 Page for Age section.Figure 2.4 Medicines Best Practice Checklist.Figure 2.5 Dashboard.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Acts and laws relevant to medical practice.
4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Stages of pharmacokinetics and medication administration routes....Figure 5.2 Injectable routes of administration. Figure 5.3 The placental barrier and drug administration.Figure 5.4 First‐pass metabolism.Figure 5.5 Drug excretion process.Figure 5.6 Therapeutic range. Figure 5.7 Therapeutic level. Figure 5.8 Agonists and antagonists.Figure 5.9 Drug potency and efficacy. Both Drug A and Drug B achieve the sam...
5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The main routes of drug administration and elimination. Source: R...Figure 6.2 Subcutaneous injection sites and the average thickness of the sub...Figure 6.3 Sites identified for IM injection.Figure 6.4 Needle insertion angles for IM, SC, IV and ID injections.Figure 6.5 Speed of absorption depending on the formulation of oral medicati...
6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Anaphylaxis lips. Figure 7.2 Anaphylaxis tongue. Figure 7.3 Urticarial drug rash.Figure 7.4 Serum sickness rash. Source: Brad Sobolewski, MD, MEd.Figure 7.5 The Yellow Card. Crown copyright.
7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The pain matrix.Figure 8.2 The pain pathway.Figure 8.3 Categorisation of pain.Figure 8.4 Common sites of referred pain.Figure 8.5 Example of multimodal analgesia provision.Figure 8.6 Role of the COX and LOX enzymes.Figure 8.7 Common opioid side‐effectsFigure 8.8 Morphine metabolism.Figure 8.9 Codeine metabolism.Figure 8.10 Diamorphine metabolism.Figure 8.11 Fentanyl metabolism.Figure 8.12 Lidocaine patch being applied.
8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Overview of pathways that lead to worsening myocardial function ...Figure 10.2 Classes of drug that target the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone‐sy...
9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The major physiological functions of the kidneys (black boxes) a...Figure 11.2 Blood tests that indicate chronic kidney disease.Figure 11.3 Adverse effects of drugs on the kidney.Figure 11.4 The site of action of various diuretics in the nephron.Figure 11.5 Sites of drug action in the urinary tract.
10 Chapter