of the stress relaxation process for an imposed const...Figure 4.14 Relaxation of stress (stress‐induced birefringence) in a glass l...Figure 4.15 SRRT result for Waspaloy forgings. (a) For 574 MPa, about 80% of...Figure 4.16 Densification in snow. (a) Microstructure of aircraft‐compacted ...Figure 4.17 Rectangular specimen (250 × 100 × 50 mm) of translucent columnar...Figure 4.18 Evolution of through‐thickness profile of stress (birefringence)...Figure 4.19 Thermal tempering in 6.5 mm thick glass plates. (a) Evolution of...Figure 4.20 NRCC‐BHI schematics. (a) Overview; (b) NRC‐BHI inside a 150 mm d...Figure 4.21 The senior author with the entire NRCC‐BHI test system at “Hobso...Figure 4.22 NRCC‐BHI tests in S‐1 ice. (a) Scattered light and (a′) polarize...
6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Creep of structurally stabilized plate glass at 547.5 °C in four‐...Figure 5.2 Creep of plate glass for 80, 200, and 400 kg cm−2 at severa...Figure 5.3 Normalized and temperature compensated creep in glass reduced to ...Figure 5.4 Application of the shift functions to individual SRT results: (a)...Figure 5.5 Creep and recovery of Aheim dunite at (a) 1473 K and initial stre...Figure 5.6 Variation of initial strain with applied stress at 233 K (0.85 T m Figure 5.7 Creep and recovery of transversely isotropic (orthotropic) S‐2 ic...Figure 5.8 Primary‐creep of S‐2 ice for 0.49 MPa (5.2 × 10−5 E) reduce...Figure 5.9 Calculated creep rate versus stress at different creep times appr...Figure 5.10 Calculated dependence of
on total strain
ε t for various g...Figure 5.11 Calculated strain dependence of the ratio of delayed elastic (gb...Figure 5.12 Stress dependence of the ratio of delayed (gbs) to total strain,...Figure 5.13 Grain‐size dependence of
/
at loading time of 10
4 s, computed...Figure 5.14 SRRTs for one specimen (A) of forged Ti‐6246 (Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐4Zr‐6Mo...Figure 5.15 Four
ε d and
ε v data and recorded creep strain (from
ε...Figure 5.16 SRRT curves for one specimen, A, of Ti‐6246 at 873 K (0.45
T m) f...Figure 5.17 Dependence of viscous strain rate and des during primary creep o...Figure 5.18 Optical micrograph of Waspaloy forgings.Figure 5.19 SRRT of 390 MPa and 350 MPa for Waspaloy at 1005 K (0.62
T m). (a...Figure 5.20 SRRT for
t rlx of 200 s for 724 MPa (4.19 × 10
−3 E) at 1005...Figure 5.21 Stress dependence of
ε d/
ε v from SRRT on a single speci...Figure 5.22 Dependence of des on Ln(
t rlx + 1)(
σ/
E)
s , for
E = 172.66 GPa...Figure 5.23 Stress dependence of “average viscous strain rate” during primar...Figure 5.24 A comparison of experimental and calculated results for CS creep...Figure 5.25 SRRT curves on a single specimen of IN‐738LC at 1273 K for 161 M...Figure 5.26 SRRT curve for IN‐738LC (a)
t rlx of 100 s under 497 MPa at 1123 ...Figure 5.27 Dependence of des,
ε d on Ln(
t rlx + 1)(
σ/
E)
s, for
s = 4...Figure 5.28 Stress dependence of viscous strain rate,
v, during “primary cr...Figure 5.29 Calculated stress–strain diagrams for Ti‐6246 at 1005 K for a fe...Figure 5.30 Predicted strain‐rate dependence of 0.2% offset yield stress for...Figure 5.31 Calculated total and three components of strain for constant str...Figure 5.32 Calculated stress–strain diagrams for Waspaloy at 1005 K for a f...Figure 5.33 Predicted strain‐rate dependence of 0.2% offset yield stress for...Figure 5.34 Calculated total and three components of strain for constant str...Figure 5.35 Predicted strain‐rate dependence of the total strain and the com...Figure 5.36 Strain‐rate dependence of ratio of
ε d,Y, and
ε v,Y (at ...Figure 5.37 Schematic representations of shearing in precipitation‐hardened,...Figure 5.38 Cracks initiation at casting pores in CMSX‐10. (a) Local stress ...Figure 5.39 Four SRRT curves with recovery and two creep‐fracture result for...Figure 5.40 Corresponding data for the CMSX‐10 SRRT curve at 1073 K, 700 MPa...Figure 5.41 Delayed elastic strain recovery immediately after elastic recove...Figure 5.42 Long‐term (about 87 days) des recovery after elastic recovery on...Figure 5.43 Temperature dependence of strain components (note the log scale)...Figure 5.44 CMSX‐10 test at an initial stress of 700 MPa and 1223 K (a) stra...Figure 5.45 Temperature dependence of tertiary stage strain rate versus true...Figure 5.46 Calculated results for CMSX‐10 for initial stress of 700 MPa at ...Figure 5.47 Fractured specimens after creep‐fracture tests on [001]‐oriented...Figure 5.48 Strain–time curves for five creep‐fracture tests on [001]‐orient...Figure 5.49 Creep‐fracture tests on [001]‐oriented CMSX‐10 single crystal at...Figure 5.50 True stress versus mcr (solid circles) and tertiary strain rate ...Figure 5.51 Calculated results for creep‐fracture tests of CMSX‐10 at 1173 K...Figure 5.52 Plots of
(for 500, 550, and 600 MPa),
(for 660 MPa), and
(f...Figure 5.53 Strain rate versus actual stress for CMSX‐10 at 1123 K for 580 M...Figure 5.54 Dependence of total engineering strain at fracture and fracture ...Figure 5.55 CMSX‐10 specimen tested at 1173 K and 700 MPa (a) diameter acros...Figure 5.56 Eccentricity of the cross‐section along the length of the five f...Figure 5.57 Distribution of cross‐sectional area for the five creep ruptured...Figure 5.58 Stress distribution along the gauge length at the time of fractu...Figure 5.59 Dependence of local and estimated average stress at fracture on ...Figure 5.60 Influence of orientation on the constant load stress‐rupture pro...Figure 5.61 Strain rate as a function of true stress up to fracture for <001...Figure 5.62 Strain rate versus actual stress for CMSX‐4 for 1000 °C. (a) 200...Figure 5.63 Strain rate versus actual stress from constant load creep data o...Figure 5.64 True strain rate versus true stress for TMS 75 for 900 °C, data ...Figure 5.65 Strain rate versus actual stress for single crystal SRR99 for 98...
7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Primary (preprimary stage is too small to notice here), secondary...Figure 6.2 Time dependence of strain rate and true stress for the constant‐l...Figure 6.3 Strain rate versus true stress for the constant‐load creep curve ...Figure 6.4 Spherical void in undeformed section (a), stretched void with cra...Figure 6.5 Compression stress–strain diagrams for directionally solidified (Figure 6.6 Initially transparent specimens (100 × 250 × 50 mm, weighing 1.25...Figure 6.7 Stress and strain histories, exhibiting initial recovery of delay...
8 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 SEMs of replicas produced by dual process of etching and replicat...Figure 7.2 SEM of a replica illustrating dislocation pileups in grain A indu...Figure 7.3 First visible crack, substantiated by a large AE event, initiated...Figure 7.4 Thin section (0.8 mm thick) showing open grain‐boundary cracks (b...Figure 7.5 Horizontal (a) and vertical (b) thin sections of DS transversely ...Figure 7.6 Columnar‐grained S‐2 ice at 243 K (0.89 T m) for a constant crossh...Figure 7.7 Stress‐rate dependence of stress at first visible cracks, substan...Figure 7.8 Visually observed first crack produced in DS, S‐2 ice at 263 K un...Figure 7.9 Formation of the first cracks in S‐2 ice at 263 K. (a) Dependence...Figure 7.10 Formation of the first cracks in S‐2 ice at 242 K. (a) Dependenc...Figure 7.11 Temperature dependence of the critical delayed‐elastic strain fo...Figure 7.12 Formation of the first cracks in ice at 263 K for grain diameter...Figure 7.13 Predicted stress and temperature dependence of apparent activati...Figure 7.14 Experimental and theoretical predictions of creep of S‐2 ice at ...Figure 7.15 Theoretical crack density versus strains at 0.96 T m for chosen g...
9 Chapter
