Techniques Inhalant Anesthetic Techniques Monitoring and Supportive Therapy during Anesthesia Recovery Anesthetic Complications Analgesia Local Anesthesia References
14 7 Parasitology External Parasites Myiasis Internal Parasites Nematodes of Other Body Systems References
15 8 Multisystem Disorders Neoplasia Stress Hyperthermia Hypothermia Fluid Therapy in Llamas and Alpacas Failure of Predicted Growth and Weight Loss References
16 9 Integumentary System Normal Camelid Skin Hair (Fiber, Wool) Skin Glands Diagnosis of Dermatologic Conditions Diseases of the Integument Fungal Infections Bacterial Infections Nutritional Skin Diseases Miscellaneous Dermatoses Neoplastic and non‐neoplastic tumors The Foot Foot Diseases of Camelids Mammary Gland The Ear References
17 10 Musculoskeletal System Specific Conditions Disorders of Joints Bone Sequestra References
18 11 Respiratory System Overview of the Camelid Respiratory System Nasolacrimal Duct Physiology SAC Adaptations to Altitude Diagnostic Procedures Infectious Diseases Parasitic Diseases Congenital Disorders Miscellaneous Diseases [75–77] References
19 12 Digestive System and Abdomen Anatomy and Physiology Gastrointestinal Tract Clinical Signs Associated with Digestive Disorders Diseases of the Digestive System Diseases of the Pharynx and Esophagus Abdominal and Gastrointestinal Surgery References
20 13 Endocrine System Endocrine Organs Endocrine Disorders References
21 14 Hematology, Clinical Biochemistry, and Fluid Analysis CBC Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets and Coagulation Hematopoietic Neoplasia Bone Marrow Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry Immunodeficiency Disorder in Juvenile Llamas Biochemistry Peritoneal and Pleural Fluid Analysis Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis References