adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67(4):674–94.
21 21. Curtin D, Gallagher PF, O’Mahony D. Explicit criteria as clinical tools to minimize inappropriate medication use and its consequences. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2019; 10.
22 22. Jano E, Aparasu RR. Healthcare outcomes associated with Beers’ Criteria: a systematic review. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41(3):438–47.
23 23. O’Mahony D, O’Sullivan D, Byrne S, O’Connor MN, Ryan C, Gallagher P. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 2. Age Ageing. 2015; 44(2):213–8.
24 24. Anrys P, Boland B, Degryse JM, et al. STOPP/START version 2‐development of software applications: easier said than done? Age Ageing. 2016; 45(5):589–92.
25 25. Gallagher P, O’Mahony D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers’ criteria. Age Ageing. 2008; 37(6):673–9.
26 26. Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Samsa GP, et al. A method for assessing drug therapy appropriateness. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992; 45(10):1045–51.
27 27. Hanlon JT, Schmader KE. The medication appropriateness index at 20: where it started, where it has been, and where it may be going. Drugs Aging. 2013; 30(11):893–900.
28 28. Whitman AM, DeGregory KA, Morris AL, Ramsdale EE. A comprehensive look at polypharmacy and medication screening tools for the older cancer patient. Oncologist. 2016; 21(6):723–30.
29 29. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT. Managing medications in clinically complex elders: ‘There’s got to be a happy medium’. JAMA. 2010; 304(14):1592–601.
30 30. Chieng JH, Hughes L, Stewart A, Frampton CM, Hanger HC, Jardine DL. Introduction of the Pill Pruner to acute medical care: a simple medication guide to control polypharmacy. Australas J Ageing. 2015; 34(1):58–61.
31 31. Hilmer SN, Mager DE, Simonsick EM, et al. A drug burden index to define the functional burden of medications in older people. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(8):781–7.
32 32. Kouladjian L, Gnjidic D, Chen TF, Mangoni AA, Hilmer SN. Drug Burden Index in older adults: theoretical and practical issues. Clin Interv Aging. 2014; 9:1503–15.
33 33. Hilmer SN, Mager DE, Simonsick EM, et al. Drug burden index score and functional decline in older people. Am J Med. 2009; 122(12):1142‐9 e1‐2.
34 34. Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(1):85–90.
35 35. Wilson NM, Hilmer SN, March LM, Cameron ID, Lord SR, Seibel MJ, et al. Associations between drug burden index and falls in older people in residential aged care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011; 59(5):875–80.
36 36. Niehoff KM, Rajeevan N, Charpentier PA, Miller PL, Goldstein MK, Fried TR. Development of the Tool to Reduce Inappropriate Medications (TRIM): a clinical decision support system to improve medication prescribing for older adults. Pharmacotherapy. 2016; 36(6):694–701.
37 37. Kuhn‐Thiel AM, Weiss C, Wehling M. Consensus validation of the FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) List: a clinical tool for increasing the appropriateness of pharmacotherapy in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2014; 31(2):131–40.
38 38. Pazan F, Weiss C, Wehling M, Forta. The FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) List 2015: Update of a Validated Clinical Tool for Improved Pharmacotherapy in the Elderly. Drugs Aging. 2016; 33(6):447–9.
39 39. Wehling M, Burkhardt H, Kuhn‐Thiel A, et al. VALFORTA: a randomised trial to validate the FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) classification. Age Ageing. 2016; 45(2):262–7.
40 40. Zia A, Kamaruzzaman SB, Tan MP. Polypharmacy and falls in older people: Balancing evidence‐based medicine against falls risk. Postgrad Med. 2015; 127(3):330–7.
41 41. Moulis F, Moulis G, Balardy L, et al. Searching for a polypharmacy threshold associated with frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015; 16(3):259–61.
42 42. Chiu MH, Lee HD, Hwang HF, Wang SC, Lin MR. Medication use and fall‐risk assessment for falls in an acute care hospital. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015; 15(7):856–63.
43 43. Jyrkka J, Enlund H, Korhonen MJ, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Polypharmacy status as an indicator of mortality in an elderly population. Drugs Aging. 2009; 26(12):1039–48.
44 44. Gomez C, Vega‐Quiroga S, Bermejo‐Pareja F, Medrano MJ, Louis ED, Benito‐Leon J. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a marker of increased risk of mortality in a population‐based prospective study (NEDICES). Gerontology. 2015; 61(4):301–9.
45 45. Denardo SJ, Gong Y, Nichols WW, et al. Blood pressure and outcomes in very old hypertensive coronary artery disease patients: an INVEST substudy. Am J Med. 2010; 123(8):719–26.
46 46. Wright JT, Jr, Whelton PK, Reboussin DM. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood‐pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(23):2294.
47 47. Ortiz E, James PA. Let’s not SPRINT to judgment about new blood pressure goals. Ann Intern Med. 2016; 165(12):889–90.
48 48. Benetos A, Rossignol P, Cherubini A, et al. Polypharmacy in the aging patient: management of hypertension in octogenarians. JAMA. 2015; 314(2):170–80.
49 49. Keeler E, Guralnik JM, Tian H, Wallace RB, Reuben DB. The impact of functional status on life expectancy in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010; 65(7):727–33.
50 50. Walter LC, Brand RJ, Counsell SR, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 1‐year mortality in older adults after hospitalization. JAMA. 2001; 285(23):2987–94.
51 51. Duncan P, Murphy M, Man MS, Chaplin K, Gaunt D, Salisbury C. Development and validation of the Multimorbidity Treatment Burden Questionnaire (MTBQ). BMJ Open. 2018; 8(4):e019413.
52 52. Schreiner N, Schreiner S, Daly B. The association between chronic condition symptoms and treatment burden in a skilled nursing population. J Gerontol Nurs. 2018; 44(12):45–52.
53 53. Trevena L. Minimally disruptive medicine for patients with complex multimorbidity. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018; 47(4):175–9.
54 54. Bohlen K, Scoville E, Shippee ND, May CR, Montori VM. Overwhelmed patients: a videographic analysis of how patients with type 2 diabetes and clinicians articulate and address treatment burden during clinical encounters. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(1):47–9.
55 55. Scott IA, Hilmer SN, Reeve E, et al. Reducing inappropriate polypharmacy: the process of deprescribing. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(5):827–34.
56 56. Potter K, Flicker L, Page A, Etherton‐Beer C. Deprescribing in frail older people: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3):e0149984.
57 57. van der Cammen TJ, Rajkumar C, Onder G, Sterke CS, Petrovic M. Drug cessation in complex older adults: time for action. Age Ageing. 2014; 43(1):20–5.
58 58. Salonoja M, Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Aarnio P, Kivela SL. Withdrawal of psychotropic drugs decreases the risk of falls requiring treatment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012; 54(1):160–7.
59 59. van der Velde N, Stricker BH, Pols HA, van der Cammen TJ. Risk of falls after withdrawal of fall‐risk‐increasing drugs: a prospective cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 63(2):232–7.
60 60. Roberts MS, Stokes JA, King MA, et al. Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of a clinical pharmacy intervention in 52 nursing homes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001; 51(3):257–65.
61 61. Page A, Etherton‐Beer C. Undiagnosing to prevent overprescribing. Maturitas. 2019; 123:67–72.
62 62. Leijten FRM, Hoedemakers M, Struckmann V, et al. Defining good health and care from the perspective of persons with multimorbidity: results from a qualitative study of focus groups in eight European countries. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(8):e021072.
63 63. Scott IA, Le Couteur DG. Physicians need to take the lead in deprescribing. Intern Med J. 2015; 45(3):352–6.
64 64. Reeve E, Shakib S, Hendrix I, Roberts MS, Wiese MD. Review of deprescribing processes and