Int. 1994; 4:368–81.
15 15. Broussard DL, Magnus JH. Risk assessment and screening for low bone mineral density in a multi‐ethnic population of women and men: does one approach fit all? Osteoporos Int. 2004; 15:349–60.
16 16. Melton LJ, 3rd. Epidemiology worldwide. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003; 32:1–13, v.
17 17. Curtis EM, Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Cooper C. The impact of fragility fracture and approaches to osteoporosis risk assessment worldwide. Bone. 2017; 104:29–38.
18 18. Bonjour JP, Guéguen L, Palacios C, Shearer MJ, Weaver CM. Minerals and vitamins in bone health: the potential value of dietary enhancement. Br J Nutr. 2009; 101:1581–96.
19 19. Wahlqvist ML, Lee MS, Kouris‐Blazos A. Demographic and cultural differences in older people’s food choices and meal patterns. In: Raats M, de Groot L, van Staveren W, eds. Food for the Ageing Population. Woodhead Publishing; 2009:20–42.
20 20. Prentice AM. Macronutrients as sources of food energy. Public Health Nutr. 2005; 8:932–9.
21 21. Beasley JM, Ange BA, Anderson CA, et al. Associations between macronutrient intake and self‐reported appetite and fasting levels of appetite hormones: results from the Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2009; 169:893–900.
22 22. Paddon‐Jones D, Rasmussen BB. Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009; 12:86–90.
23 23. Doty RL, Shaman P, Applebaum SL, Giberson R, Siksorski L, Rosenberg L. Smell identification ability: changes with age. Science. 1984; 226:1441–3.
24 24. Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, et al. Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. 1991; 117:519–28.
25 25. Bowman GL. Biomarkers for early detection of Parkinson disease: A scent of consistency with olfactory dysfunction. Neurology. 2017; 89:1432–4.
26 26. Fjellström C. The social significance of older people’s meals. In: Raats M. et al., eds. Food for the Ageing Population. Woodland Publishing; 2009:95–109.
27 27. Locher JL, Ritchie CS, Roth DL, Baker PS, Bodner EV, Allman RM. Social isolation, support, and capital and nutritional risk in an older sample: ethnic and gender differences. Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2005; 60:747–61.
28 28. Tsakos G, Herrick K, Sheiham A, Watt RG. Edentulism and fruit and vegetable intake in low‐income adults. J Dent Res. 2010; 89:462–7.
29 29. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2015; 11:1015–22.
30 30. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015; 11:1007–14.
31 31. Agarwal P, Wang Y, Buchman AS, Holland TM, Bennett DA, Morris MC. MIND Diet Associated with Reduced Incidence and Delayed Progression of ParkinsonismA in Old Age. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2018; 22:1211–5.
32 32. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:1117–24.
33 33. van den Brink AC, Brouwer‐Brolsma EM, Berendsen AAM, van de Rest O. The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diets are associated with less cognitive decline and a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease – a review. Adv Nutr. 2019; 10:1040–65.
34 34. Granic A, Sayer AA, Robinson SM. Dietary patterns, skeletal muscle health, and sarcopenia in older adults. Nutrients. 2019; 11.
35 35. Robinson S, Granic A, Sayer AA. Nutrition and muscle strength, as the key component of sarcopenia: an overview of current evidence. Nutrients. 2019; 11.
36 36. Lin PH, Ginty F, Appel LJ, et al. The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults. J Nutr. 2003; 133:3130–6.
37 37. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Arvaniti F, Stefanadis C. Adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern predicts the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity, among healthy adults; the accuracy of the MedDietScore. Prev Med. 2007; 44:335–40.
38 38. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation. Arch Neurol. 2006; 63:1709–17.
39 39. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Tang MX, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2006; 59:912–21.
40 40. Jennings A, Mulligan AA, Khaw K‐T, Luben RN, Welch AA. A Mediterranean diet is positively associated with bone and muscle health in a non‐Mediterranean region in 25,450 men and women from EPIC‐Norfolk. Nutrients. 2020; 12:1154.
41 41. Rivas A, Romero A, Mariscal‐Arcas M, et al. Mediterranean diet and bone mineral density in two age groups of women. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2013; 64:155–61.
42 42. Ghosh TS, Rampelli S, Jeffery IB, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU‐AGE 1‐year dietary intervention across five European countries. Gut. 2020; 69:1218–28.
43 43. Bowman GL, Silbert LC, Howieson D, et al. Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and MRI measures of brain aging. Neurology. 2012; 78:241–9.
44 44. Amadieu C, Lefevre‐Arbogast S, Delcourt C, et al. Nutrient biomarker patterns and long‐term risk of dementia in older adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2017; 13:1125–32.
45 45. Bowman GL, Dodge HH, Guyonnet S, et al. A blood‐based nutritional risk index explains cognitive enhancement and decline in the multidomain Alzheimer prevention trial. Alzheimers Dement. (N Y) 2019; 5:953–63.
46 46. Bowman GL, Shannon J, Ho E, et al. Reliability and validity of food frequency questionnaire and nutrient biomarkers in elders with and without mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011; 25:49–57.
47 47. Aisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, et al. High‐dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008; 300:1774–83.
48 48. Harrison FE, Bowman GL, Polidori MC. Ascorbic acid and the brain: rationale for the use against cognitive decline. Nutrients. 2014; 6:1752–81.
49 49. Bowman GL. Ascorbic acid, cognitive function, and Alzheimer’s disease: a current review and future direction. Biofactors. 2012; 38:114–22.
50 50. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. Ascorbic acid and rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009; 16:93–8.
51 51. Bang HO, Dyerberg J. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Greenlandic west coast Eskimos. Acta Med Scand. 1972; 192:85–94.
52 52. Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Hjorne N. Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr. 1975; 28:958–66.
53 53. Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2018; 9:345–81.
54 54. Chen CT, Domenichiello AF, Trépanier MO, Liu Z, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. The low levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in rat brain phospholipids are maintained via multiple redundant mechanisms. J Lipid Res. 2013; 54:2410–22.
55 55. Chen CT, Liu Z, Bazinet RP. Rapid de‐esterification and loss of eicosapentaenoic acid from rat brain phospholipids: an intracerebroventricular study. J Neurochem. 2011; 116:363–73.
56 56. Zhang W, Li P, Hu X, Zhang F, Chen J, Gao Y. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain: metabolism and neuroprotection. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2011; 16:2653–70.
57 57. Bazan NG. Docosanoids and elovanoids from omega‐3 fatty acids are pro‐homeostatic modulators of inflammatory responses, cell damage and neuroprotection. Mol Aspects Med. 2018; 64:18–33.
58 58.