B12 deficiency anaemia is diagnosed by a low B12 level. Diagnosis may or may not include elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. It can be treated by intramuscular or oral B12 supplementation, but the oral route is preferred.
Anaemia of chronic disease is the most common form of anaemia in the elderly and occurs because of underlying systemic inflammation. It is diagnosed by an elevated ferritin level and is difficult to treat.
Anaemia of chronic kidney disease occurs because of the comorbid conditions of systemic inflammation and renal impairment. It can be managed with erythropoietic agents and, often, iron supplementation.
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