effects of undernutrition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8 (6): 1817–1846.
24 Martorell, R. and Young, M.F. (2012). Patterns of stunting and wasting: potential explanatory factors. Adv. Nutr. 3 (2): 227–233.
25
26 Mendez, M.A. and Adair, L.S. (1999). Severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood. J. Nutr. 129 (8): 1555–1562. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.8.1555.
27 Mozaffarian, D., Angell, S.Y., Lang, T., and Rivera, J.A. (2018). Role of government policy in nutrition—barriers to and opportunities for healthier eating. BMJ 361 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2426.
28 Nelson, M. (2000). Childhood nutrition and poverty. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 59 (2): 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000343.
29 NFHS (2015–16). International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. 2017. National Family Health Survey (NFHS‐4), 2015‐16. India. Mumbai: IIPS. http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs‐4Reports/India.pdf (accessed 25 December 2019).
30 Non, A.L., Roman, J.C., Gross, C.L. et al. (2016). Early childhood social disadvantage is associated with poor health behaviours in adulthood. Ann. Hum. Biol. 43 (2): 144–153.
31 Pandey, P.C., Mandal, V.P., Katiyar, S. et al. (2015). Geospatial approach to assess the impact of nutrients on rice equivalent yield using MODIS sensors’‐based MOD13Q1‐NDVI data. IEEE Sensors J. 15 (11): 6108–6115.
32 Prakasam, S. (2019). Impact of mid‐day meal scheme on body mass index of school children in India. the NCERT and no matter may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the. NCERT 45 (1): 115.
33 Rice, A.L., Sacco, L., Hyder, A., and Black, R.E. (2000). Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 78: 1207–1221.
34 Ross, J. (2004). Understanding the demographic dividend. POLICY Project Note.
35 Schofield, C. and Ashworth, A. (1996). Why have mortality rates for severe malnutrition remained so high? Bull. World Health Organ. 74 (2): 223.
36 Si, A.R. and Sharma, N.K. (2008). An empirical study of the mid‐day meal programme in Khurda, Orissa. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 43 (25): 46–55.
37 Singh, S. and Gupta, N. (2015). Impact of mid day meal on enrollment, attendance and retention of primary school children. Int. J. Sci. Res. 4: 5.
38 Singh, K., Kumar, P., and Singh, B.K. (2013). An associative relational impact of water quality on crop yield: a comprehensive index analysis using LISS‐III sensor. IEEE Sensors J. 13 (12): 4912–4917.
39 Singh, A., Park, A., and Dercon, S. (2014). School meals as a safety net: an evaluation of the midday meal scheme in India. Econ. Dev. Cult. Chang. 62 (2): 275–306.
40 Tomar, V., Mandal, V.P., Srivastava, P. et al. (2014). Rice equivalent crop yield assessment using MODIS sensors’ based MOD13A1‐NDVI data. IEEE Sensors J. 14 (10): 3599–3605.
41 UNICEF (1998). State of the World's Children, 7–87. New York: Oxford University Press.
42 UNICEF (2015). How to calculate average annual rate of reduction (AARR). https://data.unicef.org/wp‐content/uploads/2015/12/Technical_Note_AARR_185.pdf (accessed 25 December 2019.
43 WHO (2021). Fact sheets ‐ malnutrition. https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/malnutrition (accessed 12 June 2021).
44 World Food Conference (1974). https://www.un.org/en/development/devagenda/food.shtml (accessed 19 November 2020).
45 World Health Organization (1995). Expert Committee on Nutrition and Physical Status: Uses and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: WHO.
46 World Health Organization (2002). World Health Report. Geneva: The Organization.
47 Yadav, M., Sharma, M.P., Prawasi, R. et al. (2014). Estimation of wheat/rice residue burning areas in major districts of Haryana, India, using remote sensing data. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 42 (2): 343–352.
2 Diversification for Restoration of Ecosystems and Sustainable Livelihood
Sanjay S. Rathore1, Kapila Shekhawat1, R.K. Singh1, S. Babu1, and V.K. Singh2
1 Division of Agronomy, ICAR‐IARI, New Delhi, India
2 Division of Agronomy, ICAR‐Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
CONTENTS
2.2 The Need for Agricultural Diversification for Sustained Livelihood
2.3 Crop Diversification and Ecosystem Services
2.4 Reducing Emission of Greenhouse Gases
2.5 Effect of Technology‐Induced Crop Diversification
2.6 Congenial Conditions for Crop Diversification
2.7 Crop Diversification and Composition 2.7.1 Diversification with Oilseed Crops 2.7.2 Diversification with Pulse‐Based Cropping Systems in Different Agroclimatic Zones 2.7.3 Diversification with Horticultural Crops
2.8 Constraints in Crop Diversification
2.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
2.1 Introduction
The agriculture is the predominant means of livelihoods of majority of the people around the world and especially in the third world countries and also land use type occupying about 40% of the terrestrial surface of the Earth (FAO 2009). It has been widely perceived that Agroecosystems are both providers and consumers of ecosystem services. Along with provisioning services (the produce, e.g. food, timber, and other raw materials), the other components of the ecosystem like plants, animals, fungi, microbials ensure indispensable regulating services such as pollination, prevention of soil erosion and water purification, and an enormous range of cultural services, as recreation and aesthetic values.