href="#ulink_b37eff45-ce13-5c82-a5ae-a4b4bdbeb67a">References 26 Consequences of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Seeing the child and youth in context Comparing the consequences of obesity, and obesity as a causal factor of chronic health conditions Conclusion References 27 The Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Introduction Approach to the child with obesity Treatment overview Treating obesity as a chronic disease Behavioral interventions Motivational interviewing and primary care counseling to modify lifestyle behaviors Comprehensive multidisciplinary obesity treatment Specific dietary modifications Pharmacotherapy Information systems Conclusions References
13 6 Policy Approaches 28 Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention Early interest in obesity policy: the 1970s and 1980s Ecological determinants of obesity: the 1990s and early 2000s Global development and systems approach: the early 2000s Targets and “best buys” in the early 2010s From best buys to regulating commerce: the later 2010s A sustainable political economy of health: the 2020s The political economy of obesity: building a sustainable response Conclusion References 29 The Double Burden of Malnutrition Introduction Scope of the problem and prevalence Dynamics of the double burden Early childhood development amidst double burden malnutrition Conclusion Acknowledgments References 30 Taxes, Subsidies, and Policies Introduction Food environments and dietary determinants Impact on dietary patterns and health Breastfeeding practices Interventions in healthcare settings Marketing restrictions for unhealthy products References 31 The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change Background Malnutrition in all its forms The Global Syndemic Policy inertia Systems thinking approach to the Global Syndemic Double‐ and triple‐duty actions Applying systems approaches – cities Applying systems approaches – communities References
14 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Select sources of data on trends in obesity for the United States ...Table 2.2 Cut‐offs for defining excess body fat using anthropometric measure...Table 2.3 Prevalence of obesity in adults by region and sex, 2016
2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Pleiotropic genetic obesity syndromesTable 4.2 Monogenic obesity syndromes affecting the leptin‐melanocortin path...
3 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Obesogenic built environment features as assessed by the Spotlight...Table 7.2 Association of built environment features related to physical acti...
4 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Variables identified in the obesity systems map organized by doma...
5 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Adipokines, the effects on their target organs and the net effect...Table 10.2 IDF consensus on waist circumference cut‐off for different ethnic...Table 10.3 Clinically usable parameters to estimate VAT.
6 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Maternal and offspring complications of obesity
7 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Studies of the independent association of MAFLD, including previo...Table 13.2 Efficacy of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in ...Table 13.3 Efficacy of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists in p...
8 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Risk pathways that may explain links between excess adiposity and...Table