CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 9 Reverse Time Migration of Time‐Lapse Walkaway VSP Data for Monitoring CO2 Injection at the SACROC CO2 ‐EOR Field 9.1. INTRODUCTION 9.2. WALKAWAY VSP DATA RECORDED AT SACROC FIELD 9.3. STATICS CORRECTION AND AMPLITUDE BALANCING 9.4. RTM IMAGING 9.5. DISCUSSION 9.6. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 10 Least‐Squares Reverse‐Time Migration for Reservoir Imaging at the Cranfield CO2 ‐EOR Field 10.1. INTRODUCTION 10.2. LEAST‐SQUARES REVERSE‐TIME MIGRATION 10.3. LEAST‐SQUARES REVERSE‐TIME MIGRATION OF VSP DATA 10.4. DISCUSSION 10.5. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 11 Quantifying Changes of Subsurface Geophysical Properties Using Double‐Difference Seismic‐Waveform Inversion 11.1. INTRODUCTION 11.2. METHODOLOGY 11.3. DOUBLE‐DIFFERENCE WAVEFORM INVERSION WITH A PRIORI INFORMATION 11.4. DOUBLE‐DIFFERENCE WAVEFORM INVERSION WITH THE MODIFIED TOTAL‐VARIATION REGULARIZATION 11.5. RESULTS 11.6. CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 12 Multicomponent Seismic Data and Joint Inversion 12.1. INTRODUCTION 12.2. BACKGROUND: USES AND LIMITATIONS OF MULTICOMPONENT SEISMIC DATA 12.3. INFORMATION CONTENT OF MULTICOMPONENT DATA 12.4. DIRECT DETECTION OF FRACTURING WITH SEISMIC DATA 12.5. JOINT INVERSION OF MULTICOMPONENT SEISMIC DATA FOR SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION 12.6. KEVIN DOME CASE STUDY OF QUADRI‐JOINT INVERSION 12.7. APPLICATION OF JOINT INVERSION TO CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DUPEROW CO2‐BEARING ZONE AT KEVIN DOME 12.8. DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 13 Tracking Subsurface Supercritical CO2 Using Advanced Reflection Seismic and Well Log‐Based Workflows Incorporating Fluid Density and Pore Pressure Effects 13.1. INTRODUCTION 13.2. PETROPHYSICAL MODEL 13.3. METHODS 13.4. RESULTS 13.5. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES
10 Part III: Subsurface Nonseismic Monitoring 14 Monitoring Carbon Storage Sites With Time‐Lapse Gravity Surveys 14.1. INTRODUCTION 14.2. GRAVITY ANOMALIES INDUCED BY CO2 INJECTION 14.3. GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS 14.4. MODELING GRAVITY ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH A CO2 PLUME 14.5. DEPLOYMENT OF GRAVITY SURVEYS: COST AND DESIGN 14.6. TIME‐LAPSE GRAVITY MONITORING ON CCS SITES: REAL CASE STUDIES 14.7. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 15 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electromagnetic Techniques for CO2 Monitoring 15.1. INTRODUCTION 15.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) 15.3. ROCK PROPERTIES AND RESISTIVITY 15.4. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES 15.5. MODELS FOR SIMPLE RESISTIVE BODIES 15.6. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ELECTRICAL AND EM TECHNIQUES IN DETECTING RESISTORS 15.7. MONITORING OF SHALLOW CO2 LEAKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 16 Monitoring Geologic Carbon Sequestration Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography 16.1. INTRODUCTION 16.2.