and inspiratory flow of intra‐ and...Figure 3.8 Measurement of transfer factor by the single‐breath method. Schem...Figure 3.9 Bicarbonate isopleths (diagonal lines; the bicarbonate level is c...Figure 3.10 Acid/base disturbances. The oval indicates the normal position, ...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Diagram of chest X‐ray (PA view). The right hemidiaphragm is 1–3 ...Figure 4.2 Diagram of chest X‐ray (lateral view). (a) Trachea. (b) Oblique f...Figure 4.3 Radiographic patterns of lobar collapse. Collapsed lobes occupy a...Figure 4.4 Left lower lobe collapse. The left lower lobe has collapsed media...Figure 4.5 Left lung collapse. There is complete opacification of the left h...Figure 4.6 The silhouette sign, showing abnormal lung shadowing in the left ...Figure 4.7 Chest X‐ray showing multiple partially calcified rounded masses i...Figure 4.8 A cavitating lesion in the left upper lobe. A cavity appears as a...Figure 4.9 Mediastinal masses. Diagram of lateral view of the chest, indicat...Figure 4.10 Mediastinal structures. Principal blood vessels and airways. Top...Figure 4.11 Principal mediastinal structures on computed tomography. The sec...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Acute respiratory infections.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Likely causes of pneumonia in different clinical circumstances. A...Figure 6.2 CURB‐65 severity score. The severity of pneumonia can be assessed...Figure 6.3 This 60‐year‐old man was admitted to hospital with a 2‐week histo...Figure 6.4 Pneumococcal pneumonia. This 70‐year‐old man was admitted to hosp...Figure 6.5 The most common symptoms of COVID‐19 are fever, dry cough and fat...Figure 6.6 COVID‐19 pneumonia. This 46‐year‐old man presented to hospital af...Figure 6.7 Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). This 28‐year‐old woman, who was an ...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Summary of the natural history of tuberculosis.Figure 7.2 This 24‐year‐old man presented with malaise, fever and weight los...Figure 7.3 This 68‐year‐old man was persuaded to consult a doctor because of...Figure 7.4 Thoracoplasty. Before effective antibiotics became available in t...Figure 7.5 Tuberculin skin testing.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Bronchiectasis is often a progressive disease because bronchial d...Figure 8.2 Summary of the clinical spectrum of Aspergillus lung disease. TB,...Figure 8.3 This 70‐year‐old woman had suffered from tuberculosis in the 1950...Figure 8.4 This 60‐year‐old woman has primary ciliary dyskinesia, which is a...Figure 8.5 This 50‐year‐old man had suffered pertussis pneumonia at the age ...Figure 8.6 Aetiology of lung abscess.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The cystic fibrosis gene contains the code for the CFTR protein. ...Figure 9.2 Clinical features of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a multis...Figure 9.3 Chest X‐ray of this 37‐year‐old man with cystic fibrosis shows hy...Figure 9.4 Chest X‐ray of this 23‐year‐old man with cystic fibrosis shows th...Figure 9.5 This 31‐year‐old woman with cystic fibrosis was admitted to hospi...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The pathogenesis and pathology of asthma. Asthma is characterise...Figure 10.2 Mechanistic routes of asthma (see text).Figure 10.3 Asthma management for adults and adolescents 12+. Source: Adapte...Figure 10.4 Pressurised metered‐dose inhaler.Figure 10.5 Example of a spacer device for use with metered‐dose inhalers th...Figure 10.6 Examples of dry‐powder inhalers. (a) Turbohaler® (AstraZeneca). ...Figure 10.7 Nebuliser treatment. (a) Diagram of typical nebulisation mechani...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Emphysema. Diagrammatic view of lobule and whole lung section in...Figure 11.2 Emphysema consists of dilation of the terminal air spaces of the...Figure 11.3 Change in FEV1 with age: effect of smoking and stopping smoking....Figure 11.4 ‘Blue bloater’ (above) and ‘pink puffer’ (below).Figure 11.5 The chest X‐ray in COPD typically shows hyperinflation of the ch...Figure 11.6 This 42‐year‐old man had smoked 20 cigarettes a day since the ag...Figure 11.7 DECAF score.Figure 11.8 Oxygen administration. (a) Simple uncontrolled high‐concentratio...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Lung cancer growth rates. As a rough approximation, small cell c...Figure 12.2 Presentations of lung cancer. ADH, antidiuretic hormone.Figure 12.3 Pancoast tumour. This 68‐year‐old man presented with a 3‐month h...Figure 12.4 Right upper lobe collapse. This 65‐year‐old smoker presented wit...Figure 12.5 This 66‐year‐old smoker was found to have a mass in the peripher...Figure 12.6 The 5‐year mortality rate of lung cancer is about 90%, emphasisi...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Transbronchial lung biopsy. A small specimen of lung parenchyma ...Figure 13.2 Summary of the clinical investigations and differential diagnosi...Figure 13.3 This 70‐year‐old man presented with a 6‐month history of progres...Figure 13.4 High‐resolution CT scan of a 70‐year‐old man with idiopathic pul...Figure 13.5 Summary of pulmonary complications of rheumatoid disease.Figure 13.6 This 65‐year‐old man, who kept 150 racing pigeons, presented wit...Figure 13.7 Principal clinical features of sarcoidosis. BHL, bilateral hilar...Figure 13.8 This 25‐year‐old woman presented with uveitis, arthralgia and er...Figure 13.9 This 60‐year‐old woman presented with cough and progressive brea...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Workplace challenge study showing the mean forced expiratory vol...Figure 14.2 This 78‐year‐old man, who had been a faceworker in a coal mine f...Figure 14.3 This 65‐year‐old man had extensive exposure to silica when worki...Figure 14.4 Pulmonary diseases relating to exposure to asbestos.Figure 14.5 This 70‐year‐old man had extensive exposure to asbestos when he ...Figure 14.6 This 74‐year‐old man presented with right‐sided chest pain and p...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Synopsis of pulmonary embolism. CTPA, computed tomography pulmon...Figure 15.2 Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) showing clot in t...Figure 15.3 Inferior vena caval filter. Most pulmonary emboli arise from thr...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 This 75‐year‐old woman presented with sudden onset of breathless...Figure 16.2 Chest X‐ray of a pneumothorax in a patient lying flat. This pati...Figure 16.3 (a) Chest X‐ray showing a small‐calibre tube inserted using a Se...Figure 16.4 Pleural fluid dynamics. In the normal pleural space, the mechani...Figure 16.5 Summary of the causes and investigation of pleural effusions. LD...Figure 16.6 This 68‐year‐old man presented with a 6‐week history of progress...Figure 16.7 Ultrasound is useful in assessing pleural effusions and in guidi...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Diagram illustrating approximate values for hydrostatic and coll...Figure 17.2 This 21‐year‐old diabetic patient was admitted to the ITU having...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Ventilatory failure (type 2 respiratory failure). Examples of pr...Figure 18.2 This 39‐year‐old woman with severe kyphoscoliosis developed slee...Figure 18.3 Apnoea results from occlusion of the pharyngeal airway in patien...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 This 29‐year‐old woman developed respiratory failure (PO2 6 kPa ...
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