W., Quinn, B., Murphy, F. et al. (2017). Optimisation of enzymatic digestion and validation of specimen preservation methods for the analysis of ingested microplastics. Analytical Methods 9: 1437–1445.
20 Crew, A., Gregory‐Eaves, I., and Ricciardi, A. (2020). Distribution, abundance, and diversity of microplastics in the upper St. Lawrence River. Environmental Pollution 260: 113994.
21 Dehaut, A., Cassone, A.‐L., Frère, L. et al. (2016). Microplastics in seafood: benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization. Environmental Pollution 215: 223–233.
22 Doyle, M.J., Watson, W., Bowlin, N.M., and Sheavly, S.B. (2011). Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific ocean. Marine Environmental Research 71: 41–52.
23 Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Rocher, V. et al. (2015). Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris. Environmental Chemistry 12: 592–599.
24 Dris, R., Imhof, H.K., Löder, M.G. et al. (2018). Microplastic contamination in freshwater systems: methodological challenges, occurrence and sources. In: Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments: An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency (ed. E.Y. Zeng), 51–93. Elsevier.
25 Eriksen, M., Mason, S., Wilson, S. et al. (2013). Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 77: 177–182.
26 Essel, R., Engel, L., Carus, M., and Ahrens, R. (2015). Sources of microplastics relevant to marine protection in Germany, Umweltbundesamt Texte, vol. 64, 1219–1226.
27 Fan, Y., Zheng, K., Zhu, Z. et al. (2019). Distribution, sedimentary record, and persistence of microplastics in the Pearl River catchment, China. Environmental Pollution 251: 862–870.
28 Faure, F., Demars, C., Wieser, O. et al. (2015). Plastic pollution in Swiss surface waters: nature and concentrations, interaction with pollutants. Environmental Chemistry 12: 582–591.
29 Fischer, E.K., Paglialonga, L., Czech, E., and Tamminga, M. (2016). Microplastic pollution in lakes and Lake shoreline sediments – a case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi (Central Italy). Environmental Pollution 213: 648–657.
30 Foulon, V., Le Roux, F., Lambert, C. et al. (2016). Colonization of polystyrene microparticles by Vibrio crassostreae: light and electron microscopic investigation. Environmental Science & Technology 50: 10988–10996.
31 Free, C.M., Jensen, O.P., Mason, S.A. et al. (2014). High‐levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin 85: 156–163.
32 Fries, E., Dekiff, J.H., Willmeyer, J. et al. (2013). Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysis‐GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 15: 1949–1956.
33 Godoy, V., Martín‐Lara, M., Calero, M., and Blázquez, G. (2019). Physical‐chemical characterization of microplastics present in some exfoliating products from Spain. Marine Pollution Bulletin 139: 91–99.
34 Gouin, T., Avalos, J., Brunning, I. et al. (2015). Use of micro‐plastic beads in cosmetic products in Europe and their estimated emissions to the North Sea environment. SOFW Journal 3: 40–46.
35 Horton, A.A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D.J. et al. (2017). Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Science of the Total Environment 586: 127–141.
36 Imhof, H.K., Ivleva, N.P., Schmid, J. et al. (2013). Contamination of beach sediments of a subalpine lake with microplastic particles. Current Biology 23: R867–R868.
37 Imhof, H.K., Laforsch, C., Wiesheu, A.C. et al. (2016). Pigments and plastic in limnetic ecosystems: a qualitative and quantitative study on microparticles of different size classes. Water Research 98: 64–74.
38 Jiang, C., Yin, L., Li, Z. et al. (2019). Microplastic pollution in the rivers of the Tibet Plateau. Environmental Pollution 249: 91–98.
39 Kershaw, P. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. Rep. Stud. GESAMP, 90.
40 Kirstein, I.V., Kirmizi, S., Wichels, A. et al. (2016). Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles. Marine Environmental Research 120: 1–8.
41 Klein, S., Dimzon, I.K., Eubeler, J., and Knepper, T.P. (2018). Analysis, occurrence, and degradation of microplastics in the aqueous environment. In: Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (eds. M. Wagner and S. Lambert), 51–58,67. Cham: Springer.
42 Lambert, S. and Wagner, M. (e.) (2018). Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater environments: an overview. In: Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 58, 1–23. Cham: Springer.
43 Lambert, S., Sinclair, C., and Boxall, A. (2014). Occurrence, degradation, and effect of polymer‐based materials in the environment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 227: 1–53.
44 Lee, H., Shim, W.J., and Kwon, J.‐H. (2014). Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals. Science of the Total Environment 470: 1545–1552.
45 Leslie, H. (2014). Review of microplastics in cosmetics. Institute for Environmental Studies [IVM] 393: 394.
46 Li, J., Liu, H., and Chen, J.P. (2018). Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Research 137: 362–374.
47 Lusher, A., McHugh, M., and Thompson, R. (2013). Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin 67: 94–99.
48 Magnusson, K. and Norén, F. (2014). Screening of microplastic particles in and down‐stream a wastewater treatment plant. Technical Report published for IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm.
49 Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., and Burkhardt‐Holm, P. (2015). Microplastics profile along the Rhine River. Scientific Reports 5: 1–7.
50 McCormick, A., Hoellein, T.J., Mason, S.A. et al. (2014). Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river. Environmental Science & Technology 48: 11863–11871.
51 Moore, C., Lattin, G., and Zellers, A. (2011). Quantity and type of plastic debris flowing from two urban rivers to coastal waters and beaches of Southern California. Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada‐Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 11: 65–73.
52 Napper, I.E. and Thompson, R.C. (2016). Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 112: 39–45.
53 Napper, I.E., Bakir, A., Rowland, S.J., and Thompson, R.C. (2015). Characterisation, quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics. Marine Pollution Bulletin 99: 178–185.
54 Peng, G., Xu, P., Zhu, B. et al. (2018). Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China: a case study of risk assessment in mega‐cities. Environmental Pollution 234: 448–456.
55 Plasticseurope (2018). Plastics – the Facts 2018. An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/6315/4510/9658/Plastics_the_facts_2018_AF_web.pdf (accessed 2019).
56 de Sá, L.C., Luís, L.G., and Guilhermino, L. (2015). Effects of microplastics on juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): confusion with prey, reduction of the predatory performance and efficiency, and possible influence of developmental conditions. Environmental Pollution 196: 359–362.
57 de Sá, L.C., Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, F. et al. (2018). Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: what do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future? Science of the Total Environment 645: 1029–1039.
58 Sadri,