materials are presented in Chapters 8–11. Chapter 8 reviews the recent developments of bio‐based materials in anti‐HIV drug delivery systems. A wide variety of pre‐exposure prophylaxis products based on bio‐based polymers and their derivatives is presented. Chapter 9 follows with the synthesis and modification of chitin, chitin‐glucan complexes, and chitosan from biological feedstocks for anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and gene delivery applications. In Chapter 10, bio‐based glycomaterials and carbohydrate‐functionalized materials are discussed including their application in drug/gene delivery, wound healing, biorecognition, and sensing. Chapter 11 highlights bio‐based feedstocks that can be used in scaffold manufacturing for tissue engineering.
The next two chapters make a transition toward inorganic materials. Chapter 12 discusses the green synthesis of bio‐based MOFs and the wide range of applications. Applications of geopolymers prepared from biomass ashes with applications in the construction industry are presented in Chapter 13.
Finally, the last three chapters present the use of bio‐based materials in food, packaging, and fertilizers. Chapter 14 highlights the use of various bio‐based materials as functional ingredients used in the formulation of lipophilic nutraceuticals. Key developments on the role of bio‐based materials in emulsions, colloidal delivery vehicles, as well as in drying technologies are reviewed. The use of bio‐based materials like polysaccharides and bio‐derived polymers in advanced packaging materials is discussed in Chapter 15. Finally, Chapter 16 presents the recent developments in controlled fertilizer applications using bio‐based materials such as polysaccharides, alkyd resins, polyurethanes, and biochars.
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2 Bio‐based Carbon Materials for Catalysis
Chaiyan Chaiya and Sasiradee Jantasee
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, Thailand
2.1 Introduction
Developments of inexpensive heterogeneous catalysts to replace conventional homogeneous catalysts for extensive applications are currently investigated by many research studies. Inorganic materials such as silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), titania (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), zeolite, and clays have received much attention for their use in catalysis [1]. Carbon‐based catalysts are among the promising heterogeneous catalysts used in a wide range of applications, which can be derived from both inorganic and organic resources. These materials have high stability in several reaction media and highly versatile chemical and physical properties. A great number of attempts have been made to synthesize carbon‐based materials from various raw biomasses and biomass‐derived compounds such as agricultural products