that she received from Mark. During their marriage, he became physically abusive whenever he drank and constantly demeaned her profession, culture, and religion. This was particularly true when he was not adjusting and felt isolated in Puerto Rico. He withdrew from both Clarita and the children and spent more and more time away “on business trips.” When Clarita turned to her family for support, she was confronted with indifference and reminders of their opposition to the marriage. Her sister, once supportive, now blames Clarita for a great deal of the disunity within the family. They all grieve the challenges facing their community ever since the hurricane. The children’s paternal grandparents refuse to believe that their son was abusive and are very critical of the way in which Clarita is raising their grandchildren and of how she does not visit enough.
With the lack of support from family, Clarita turned to newly made friends in Florida for help and one Puerto Rican friend who had also moved nearby. A friend suggested that Clarita needed to meet and start dating other men. She found that she had difficulty relating to men, was afraid to trust, and felt that all they wanted was sex. She felt that the relationships cooled rapidly when they found out she had two children.
Clarita turned to her work and poured all her energy into her students. This resulted in very little energy left for her own children, and their relationship grew very strained. It was at this time that she began to have disturbing dreams that kept her from sleeping. The dreams, according to Clarita, generally entailed the following:
I am always running, and there are shadowy figures behind me. I am in a large warehouse-type structure with lots of boxes and crates. The boxes and crates are all marked with arrows reading “Exit.” The only problem is that the arrows are all going in different directions. Therefore, I never find the exit, and the figures keep getting closer and closer. I wake up in a cold sweat, breathing rapidly, heart pounding, and a scream stuck in my throat. I lie there trying to calm down, knowing that I am too afraid to go back to sleep. In a little while, I get up and spend the rest of the long night sitting at the kitchen table drinking coffee.
The more often the dreams occurred, the more depressed Clarita became. She fought sleep because of her fear of dreaming, and at times she found herself crying uncontrollably. Her eating habits have also changed drastically, and she finds herself buying fast food for the children so that she does not have to cook. She seldom eats and has lost 15 pounds, weight she really cannot afford to lose.
Her depression has kept her away from work and away from people. She has been spending more and more time alone ruminating. In Clarita’s words, “I have nothing to live for. No one cares about me. I have ruined my life and the lives of two families, and I am currently hurting my children.” On the advice of her priest, she sought the help of her physician, who recommended that she seek psychological help.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
An update of Chapter 1 on the helping relationship, with an emphasis on the impact that diverse cultural intersectionalities have on every client who comes to a counselor
A new chapter on how multicultural and social justice issues can be addressed through relational-cultural theory
A chapter on the psychodynamic theories derived from classical psychoanalysis
An updated explanation of Jungian analytical theory
New versions of the chapters on Adlerian, existential, person-centered, Gestalt, rational emotive, and reality theories
A reconceptualized chapter on cognitive behavioral theories
A new chapter describing third-wave cognitive behavioral theories with mindfulness-based interventions
Updated versions of family, feminist, and constructivist theories
A new chapter on emotion-focused therapy
A chapter describing how creative approaches to counseling can be used in the context of a variety of theoretical models
We, the coeditors, and the contributors have made every effort to give the reader current information and content focused on both theory and application. It is our hope that the seventh edition of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions will provide the foundation that students need to make decisions about follow-up study of specific theories as well as the development of their own personal theory of counseling and psychotherapy.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the authors who contributed their time and expertise to the development of this textbook for professionals interested in individual counseling and psychotherapy. We also thank our families who supported and encouraged our writing and editing efforts. Thanks go out to Carolyn Baker and other staff members of the Publications Department of the American Counseling Association for their collaborative and thorough approach to the editing and production of this textbook.
Meet the Editors
David Capuzzi, PhD, NCC, LPC, is a counselor educator and professor emeritus at Portland State University. Previously, he served as an affiliate professor in the Department of Counselor Education, Counseling Psychology, and Rehabilitation Services at Pennsylvania State University and Scholar in Residence in Counselor Education at Johns Hopkins University. He is past president of the American Counseling Association (ACA), formerly the American Association for Counseling and Development, and past chair of both the ACA Foundation and the ACA Insurance Trust.
From 1980 to 1984, Dr. Capuzzi was editor of The School Counselor. He has authored several textbook chapters and monographs on the topic of preventing adolescent suicide and is coeditor and author with Dr. Larry Golden of Helping Families Help Children: Family Interventions With School Related Problems (1986) and Preventing Adolescent Suicide (1988). He coauthored and edited with Douglas R. Gross Youth at Risk: A Prevention Resource for Counselors, Teachers, and Parents (1989, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2014, 2019); Introduction to the Counseling Profession (1991, 1995,1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017); Introduction to Group Work (1992, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010); and Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions (1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011).
In addition to Foundations of Addictions Counseling (2008, 2012, 2016, 2020) and Foundations of Group Counseling (2019), published by Pearson with Dr. Mark D. Stauffer, he and Dr. Stauffer have published Career Counseling: Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications (2006, 2012, 2019); Foundations of Couples, Marriage, and Family Counseling (2015, 2021); Human Growth and Development Across the Life Span: Applications for Counselors (2016); and Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions (2016, 2022). Other books include Approaches to Group Work: A Handbook for Practitioners (2003), Suicide Across the Life Span (2006), and Sexuality Issues in Counseling, the last coauthored and edited with Larry D. Burlew. He has authored or coauthored articles in several ACA-related journals.
A frequent speaker and keynoter at professional conferences and institutes, Dr. Capuzzi has also consulted with a variety of school districts and community agencies interested in initiating prevention and intervention strategies for adolescents at risk for suicide. He has facilitated the development of suicide prevention, crisis management, and postvention programs in communities throughout the United States; provides training on the topics of youth at risk and grief and loss; and serves as an invited adjunct faculty member at other universities as time permits.
An ACA fellow, he was the first recipient of ACA’s Kitty Cole Human Rights Award and was also a recipient of the Leona Tyler Award in Oregon. In 2010, he received ACA’s Gilbert and Kathleen Wrenn Award for a Humanitarian and Caring Person. In 2011, he was named a distinguished