against a background of social unrest following the death of George Floyd in May 2020, and the resurgence of Black Lives Matter into the social consciousness as a consequence. His death is a wake‐up call for all people to be critically reflective of their own attitudes to ethnic minority peoples, most notably health care practitioners who espouse person‐centred nursing. Hence reflective practice matters as the key to enable practitioners towards cultural safety to become aware, examine, understand and shift their attitudes to ensure peoples of all races feel culturally safe. Becoming culturally safe that must be a key aspect of person‐centred practice. It is a massive challenge given the deeply embodied racism that most white people would deny and yet is reflected subconsciously in most aspects of daily life. Why is it that black people are ten times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people? [BBC News 8th July 2020].
The book is also set against an environmental background of climate change as a result of the way the planet has been exploited for economic growth. In response to the environmental crisis, there must be a radical shift in consciousness towards living in harmony with the planet resulting in healthier lives. Failure to do so will simply be extinction. Evidence is all about us. Take, for example, Covid 19. As such, practitioners, no matter what discipline, but perhaps especially health and social care practitioners, should reflect on their practice set against this background of creating healthier lives for themselves and for those they work with and care for. It is the bigger picture. It is our individual and collective responsibility to practice in harmony with the planet. It is a tough ask given the world we live in but, as Rolling Thunder (1974:7) notes –
mankind’s strength and ultimate survival depend not upon an ability to manipulate and control, but upon an ability to harmonize with nature as an integral part of the system of life.
My approach to ‘Becoming a Reflective Practitioner’ ever since the first edition published in 2000, is to create a reflective text to engage and dialogue with its readers. As such, I use many stories and dialogue to illuminate ideas and give examples of reflective writing. This approach illustrates the reflective process and what the writer seeks to realise in their practice. Hence, the text is also a text on realising person‐centred practice.
My inquiry into the nature of reflective practise commenced in 1989, resulting in an understanding of guided reflection (Johns 1998) that has been continuously reflected on for its rigor, coherence and utility as presented throughout this book.
The book is designed to guide both student and registered practitioners at any level of professional learning, along with their guides, teachers, and managers, to become reflective practitioners, not just clinical practitioners but also educators, managers, and most significantly, leaders able to enable others to grow and fulfil their potential. Although the book’s background is healthcare, it is a resource for all professionals who aspire to offer a service to people.
Health care, no matter what discipline, is fundamentally concerned with the relationship between the practitioner and the person receiving health care to meet the person’s health needs, whatever they may be. Nothing about this relationship can be assumed to be certain or predictable. Everything is an interpretation depending on context. As such, the practitioner’s response to the patient is perceptive, seeking to understand the patient’s experience and needs to inform an appropriate and effective response. This is the essence of person‐centred health care that is unless the patient is viewed as an object to do things to. Then the patient is no more than of technical interest. Disembodied. Education and practice must radically shift to ways of learning and knowing that nurture person‐centred health care rather than skid along the technical surface of things. We need to create opportunity to learn through experience to reveal the very depth of professional artistry. This is the way of reflective practice. And yet, if we are not alert, reflective practice too can skid along the surface of things. Most importantly, approach the book with a sense of play and curiosity to see where it takes you. Most of all, reflective practice is about YOU and nothing can be more interesting.
Like previous editions, this sixth edition has been extensively revised and reorganised to comprehensively guide students, practitioners, managers, and their guides across disciplines no matter their level of experience to learn through reflection on experience to become a reflective practitioner. I have looked back through previous editions and associated books (Johns 2002, Johns 2010, Johns and Freshwater 2005), reading and reflecting again on these published narratives resulting from my guidance of practitioners within the guided reflection. Some narratives are republished because they tell such vital stories of becoming a reflective practitioner. New guest authors give wider perspectives on reflective practice, including contributions from international authors.
Chapters
The book is organised in two parts. Part 1 is written by myself with the exception of Chapters 12 and 13 jointly written with Otter Rose. Part 2 is written by contributors who offer the reader wider perspectives on reflection and reflective practice.
Part 1
In Chapter 1, I envisage reflection. Reflective practice is at risk of being a cliché with its multiple interpretations that begs the question ‘what exactly is reflection and reflective practice’? How can we know it and apply it certain of its validity?’ If known, it can be applied with prediction and control, so everyone knows what it is. However, things are not that simple. Reflective practice will always be interpreted in different ways according to the interpreter’s perception and intentions. I give a brief overview of reflective theories that I have dialogued with over time and which, to a varying extent, have influenced my own conception of reflective practice. In describing reflection, I view learning as a movement through understanding, empowerment and transformation. At each level, insights can be gleaned.
I explore vision as fundamental to reflection. Vision sets out what the practitioner is striving towards. Vision sets up creative tension, the dynamic learning moment within reflection between vision and an understanding of our current reality. In understanding this tension, the practitioner can work towards resolving it so the vision can be more realised. Barriers that constrain are identified and worked towards overcoming. Without vision, reflection has no real meaning except perhaps as a superficial problem‐solving tool. As such, reflection is always an exploration of values that constitute vision and the assumptions and attitudes that support realising the vision as a lived reality.
In Chapter 2, I set out the Six dialogical movements that structure the reflective learning process that is systematically explored through succeeding chapters. I set out the reflective attitude comprised of a number of attributes the practitioner needs to cultivate to engage reflection to gain maximum benefit. One of these attributes is developing bringing the mind home. Bringing the mind home helps to prepare the practitioner to be fully present within‐the‐moment, whether in clinical practice or reflecting on experience.
In Chapter 3, I explore the first dialogical movement concerned with paying attention to a particular experience with the intention to write or portray a description of that experience. This expression is the raw data reflection. Paying attention immediately cuts across the taken for granted nature of much of experience and habitual practice. Over time, through paying attention, the practitioner becomes increasingly self‐aware, leading to mindfulness where nothing is taken for granted and the whole span of practice is an inquiry. I advocate keeping a reflective journal to write descriptions that becomes an ongoing and unfolding reflective record of experience.
In Chapter 4, I explore reflection using the Model for Structured Reflection [MSR]. The MSR has been significantly revised from previous editions and is easy to apply. From feedback, I get the impression that many people think that simply using