of (a) (Lumiled). This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 06 Seminar, p. M-2/24 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.25 The ratio of minimum/maximum of luminance versus the spacing s of the strips of LEDs in Figure 19.24(a)Figure 19.26 Colour uniformity of strips of LEDs versus the pitch p in Figure 19.24(a)Figure 19.27 The microstructure of holes for light extraction from an LED, expanded above. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p.293 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.28 The inverse trapezoidal light guide. This figure was reproduced from Lee, J. H. et al., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 330 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.29 The light guide in Figure 19.28 embedded in a PDMS LG plate. This figure was reproduced from Lee, J. H. et al., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 332 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.30 Cone-shaped lens on top of an LED module with cone angle Θ. This figure was reproduced from Chao, P. C. B. et al., JSID 08, p. 318 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.31 Intensity profile of the light generated by the cone-shaped lens for Θ = 45 . This figure was reproduced from Chao, P. C. B. et al., JSID 08, p. 319 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.32 The feeding of the three colours into the pixel area by diffractive microgratings. This figure was reproduced from Kimmel, J. et al., JSID 08, p. 353 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.33 The outcoupling of light from the gratings with the assistance of a trapezoidal structure. This figure was reproduced from Kimmel, J. et al., JSID 08, p. 354 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.34 The wedge-type light guide for edge-lit LEDs. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/13 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.35 The mounting of the light guide to the LCD. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/14 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.36 Path of light in the grooved prisms. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/14 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.37 Detailed light passes in a rear grooved prism sheet. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 298 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.38 The first and second prism in a double grooved prism. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 299 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.39 Light guide with double grooved prisms at its rear side. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 299 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.40 Light guide with micro lenses. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 299 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.41 Less-costly light guide. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p. 299 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.42 The non-uniform backlights Lb and L′a in Equations (19.5) to (19.7)Figure 19.43 (a) and (b) Two cases for timing of scanned backlights without ghost pictures. This figure was reproduced from Onac, G. E. et al., JSID 08, p. 339 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.44 Power consumption versus duty cycle of a scanning backlight for various desired luminances. This figure was reproduced from Onac, G. E. et al., JSID 08, p. 339 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.45 The timing in a field sequential colour displayFigure 19.46 Pulse width modulation (PWM) of current IFigure 19.47 The essentials of an addressing circuit for LED backlights. This figure was reproduced from Nodari, M. et al., JSID 08, p. 347 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.48 The addressing circuit for LED backlights with the feedback of colour sensorsFigure 19.49 The location of a colour sensor in an LED chip. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 06 Seminar, p. M-2/33 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.50 The programmable interrupt controller for PWM of LEDs. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/23 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.51 Cross-section of an assembled LC cellFigure 19.52 Steps for cell assemblyFigure 19.53 Bonding of driver ICs to the LC cell
19 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Single light valve colour projectorFigure 20.2 A single light valve field sequential colour projectorFigure 20.3 Single light valve scrolling projectorFigure 20.4 Generation of scrolling colour bands by a rotating prismFigure 20.5 Single light valve angular colour separation projectionFigure 20.6 A single light valve projector with colour gratingFigure 20.7 Three light valve projector with three equal optic pathsFigure 20.8 Three light valve projector with unequal optic pathsFigure 20.9 Projector with three reflective LC light valvesFigure 20.10 A projector with three LCOS light valvesFigure 20.11 Projector with two light valvesFigure 20.12 A rear projector with one or three light valvesFigure 20.13 A projector with three optically addressed LC light valves
20 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Explanation of the shadow figure in reflective displaysFigure 21.2 Distortion of a rectangular isotropic bodyFigure 21.3 The expansion of a PES substrate versus dl and ds for αs = 44 ppm/K, αl = 5 ppm/K Es = 2.6 kN/mm2 (PES) and Et = 86 kN/mm2 in Equation (21.3) (Grimsdilch et al., 1978); (b) the tangential tension σ versus dl and ds for the same parameters as in Figure 21.3(a); (c) diagonal LD of a square versus ΔT for a constant distortion in μm as parametersFigure 21.4 Input characteristics of a-Si :H TFTs fabricated at different process temperaturesFigure 21.5 Variation of Vth during BT stress of a-Si :H TFTs fabricated at various temperaturesFigure 21.6 Input characteristics of poly-Si TFTs fabricated at 250 °C and 200 °CFigure 21.7 Transfer steps of an LCD fabricated at high temperature to a flexible substrate (SUFLA). This figure was reproduced from Miyasaka, M., SID 07, p. 1673 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 21.8 SUFLA transfer yield versus display area. This figure was reproduced from Miyasaka, M., SID 07, p. 1675 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 21.9 ID–VG characteristics of an a-Si TFT on a thinned stainless steel substrate after 250 °C processing, heat treatment and a bias temperature stress (BTS). This figure was reproduced from Kim, C. D. et al., SID 09, p. 195 with permission by The Society for Information Display
21 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Flexographic printingFigure 22.2 Knife coatingFigure 22.3 Ink-jet printing systemFigure 22.4 Printing head with piezo-electric elementFigure 22.5 Maximum radius versus speed of droplet with surface tension γλ as parameterFigure 22.6 Ultrasonic ink-jet printer. This figure was reproduced from Amemiya, I. et al., SID 07, p. 1603 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.7 Profile of droplet in an ultrasonic ink-jet printer. This figure was reproduced from Amemiya, I. et al., SID 07, p. 1604 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.8 Silk screen printingFigure 22.9 Wetting angle α of a liquidFigure 22.10 Process chamber of plasma cleaningFigure 22.11 UV–ozone cleaning chamberFigure 22.12 Free surface energy γs of ITO versus duration of UV–ozone cleaningFigure 22.13 Change of free surface energy of ITO during storage time. This figure was reproduced from Souk, J. H. et al., SID 08, p. 431 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.14 The ink-jet print bounded by a wall of a black matrix (a) before and (b) after baking. This figure was reproduced from Liu, K. H. et al., SID 07, p. 1607 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.15 Interlaced ink-jet heads for uniform printing on a larger areaFigure 22.16 Transmittance–voltage curve of a vacuum filled and of a flexographically printed nematic LC. This figure was reproduced from Kawashima, N. et al., SID 09, p. 25 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.17 Cross-section of an OTFT with a small molecule organic semiconductor. This figure was reproduced from Kawashima, N. et al., SID 09, p. 26 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.18 Id–VG characteristic of the OTFT in Figure 22.16. This figure was reproduced from Yase, K. et al., SID 09, p. 199 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 22.19 Two-step micro contact printing for OTFTs. This figure was reproduced from Yase, K. et al., SID 09, p. 199 with permission by The Society