Small Animal Surgical Emergencies. Группа авторов

^a Blood pressure SpO₂ Urine output/specific gravity PCV/TS/BG/Azo Stick^® VBG/ABG/electrolytes Dehydration^b 8–12 hours 8–12 hours 12–24 hours 8–12 hours 12–24 hours 12–24 hours Hypovolemic shock 1–2 hours initially, then 4–6 hours once stabilized 1–2 hours initially, then 4–6 hours 4–6 hours 4–6 hours 4–6 hours initially, then 6–8 hours 4–6 hours initially, then 6–8 hours Distributive shock 1–2 hours initially, then 4–6 hours once stabilized 1–2 hours initially, then 4–6 hours 4–6 hours 4–6 hours 6–8 hours 6–8 hours Hypoxemic shock 1–2 hours initially, then 4–6 hours once stabilized^c 2–6 hours^c 1–4 hours^c 4–6 hours^c 12–24 hours and after pRBC transfusion^c 12–24 hours^c

^a Physical assessment parameters include hydration evaluation, mucous membranes, capillary refill time, respiratory rate and effort, cardiac and thoracic auscultation, pulse quality, and temperature.

^b Dehydrated patients should also be weighed every 8–12 hours.

^c Frequency of diagnostics will depend on patient stability and amount of stress caused to the patient with handling, evaluation, and blood sampling.

      ABG, arterial blood gases; BG, blood glucose; PCV, packed cell volume; SpO2, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; TS, total solids; VBG, venous blood gases.

Table 1.3 Analgesics, sedatives, and anxiolytics used in small animal medicine.

      Source: Adapted from Quant and Lee JA [105] and Perkowski [106].

Generic drug	Brand (manufacturer)	Dose	Comment
Opioids:
Buprenorphine	Buprenex® (Reckitt & Colman)	5–20 μg/kg IM, IV q 6–8 hours Cats: 10–20 μg/kg PO q 6–8 hours	μ‐partial agonist Excellent oral absorption (cats) Difficult to reverse
Butorphanol	Torbutrol®, Torbugesic‐SA® (Zoetis)	0.1–0.4 mg/kg IM, IV q 1‐4hours Partial μ reversal: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV CRI loading dose: 0.1 mg/kg IV CRI: 0.1–0.4 mg/kg/hours IV	κ‐agonists μ‐antagonist Variable analgesia Sedative and anti‐tussive
Fentanyl	Abstral® (Abbott Laboratories)	Dog loading dose: 1–2 μg/kg Dog CRI: 2–5 μg/kg/hours Cat loading dose: 1 μg/kg/hours Cat CRI: 1–4 μg/kg/hours	Can cause SIADH with prolonged use
Fentanyl transdermal patch	Duragesic® (Janssen Pharmaceuticals)	Cat or dog < 5 kg: 25 μg patch Dog 5–10 kg: 25 μg patch Dog 10–20 kg: 50 μg patch Dog 20–30 kg: 75 μg patch Dog >30 kg: 100 μg patch	Topical heat can increase absorption Caution for abuse potential/ingestion by children
Hydromorphone HCl		Dog: 0.05–0.2 mg/kg IM, SQ, 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV every q 4–6 hours Cat: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM, S, 0.03–0.05 mg/kg IV every q 3–4 hours	IV administration can cause vomiting
Methadone HCl		Dog: 0.1–0.4 mg/kg IV every q 4–6 hours Dog: 0.2–2 mg/kg SQ, IM every q 4–6 hours Cat: 0.05–0.2 mg/kg IV every q 4–6 hours Cat: 0.1–1 mg/kg SQ, IM every q 4–6 hours	Tends to cause less sedation and vomiting than morphine
Morphine (preservative free)		Dog: 0.25–1 mg/kg IM, SQ every q 4–6 hours Cat: 0.05–0.5 mg/kg IM, SQ every q 4–6 hours Loading dose: 0.15–0.5 mg/kg IV CRI: 0.1–1 mg/kg/hour	IV administration must be done slowly to avoid histamine release, IV administration can cause vomiting
Morphine sulfate (with preservative)		Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg IM, SQ every q 4 hours Cat: 0.05–0.4 mg/kg IM, SQ every q 3–6 hours
Naloxone	Narcan® (DuPont Pharma)	Opioid reversal: 0.002–0.2 mg/kg IM, IV, SQ	May need to be repeated after 20–30 minutes as required
Oxymorphone	Numorphan® (Endo Labs)	Dog: 0.02–0.2 mg/kg IV every q 1–4 hours Dog: 0.05–0.2 mg/kg IM, SQ every q 2–6 hours Cat: 0.01–0.05 mg/kg IV every q 2–4 hours
Lidocaine:
Lidocaine 1% preservative free		Dog loading dose: 1–2 mg/kg IV Dog CRI: 20–80 μg/kg/minute	Controversial for IV use in cats
NMDA antagonists:
Ketamine	KetaFlo®